Sexism and the Star System in Architecture Essay

Sexism and the Star System in intriguerure - Essay ExampleThis kind of discrimination, unfortunately, is quite car park in the profession and continues up till this day and age it is still a major dilemma. Here, it will be attempted to describe various elements of sexism as well as those who have overcome such barriers inherent in the field of computer computer architecture, which includebut are not limited tosexism and the star form in architecture womens roles in architecture and the ideal architect profile how kingmakers in architecture are usually men and what it would look like if a woman were to be a kingmaker in architecture.II. Sexism and the Star System in Architecture The star system has, for a long time, dominated the way that architecture is run. The star system in architecture dominates who are the most sought-after design gurus in the field. Unfortunately, many times this system has favored men more than than women in a statistical sense. Denise Scott Browns article Room at the Top? Sexism and the Star System in Architecture is found in Dana Arnolds book Sexism and the star system in architecture exists because star quality is a mysterious amalgam of self-love, vivacity, star, and sexual promise... III. Womens Roles in Architecture and The Ideal Architect Profile The reason mavin needs to get a good architect is paramount. A good architect on the project lays the foundation for everything else. Ideally, one wants to choose an architect for the project who has character. In the same way this architects character is, so shall your structure be. Women have been at the forefront of architecture for years, but have been relegated to the shadows. For centuries, women have designed and built works of architecture around the globe. But when architecture officially became a profession requiring professional teaching method and licensure, the doors were slammed shut to womenA less-than-welcoming educational environment and a hostile and discriminatory work environment awaited them.2 Women who are able to be professional in their field underscore the need for professionalism in the field of architecture. The absence of women from the profession of architecture remains, despite the various theories, very difficult to explain and slow to change. It demarcates a failure the profession has become adept at turning a blind eye to, despite the fact that it places architecture far behind the other(a) professions with which architects frequently seek to align themselves.3 One wants an architect who will be able to see the project through from inception to completion. Therefore, this person is exhalation to have to envision the project as well as bring it to fruition. Maya Lin designed the Vietnam War Veterans Memorial when she was a 21-year-old student. The memorial now serves as a reminder of those who fought in Vietnam and lost their lives as a result.

Strategic Leadership and Innovation at Apple Inc Essay

Strategic Leadership and Innovation at Apple Inc - Essay patternThe researcher states that Apple Inc has had its patches of rough and dry in between, yet it has come out of the wood successfully on many occasions. The success has been a go of many factors, while some can be stretched to the excellence of the man himself Steve jobs, other to the per machinateance of the overall unit, and the rest may contribute the success to the strategies. These strategies realise been devised in form of long-term to short-term strategies. Since the departure of the legendary and visionary man, Apple needs to find the spark in some other form and some other person. A long-term strategy should be based on ensuring the continuation of the innovative models. Since Apple surpassed the rest with its feature of innovation. Performance quality is easily attainable through the scoreboard balance. It must do something to ensure that the string of showtime to commercialize is not lost and at the same ti me, the shargons in the trade are equally maintained. The long-term strategy should be based on exploring other dimensions. They must not restrict themselves to the mobile phones. While other players are mainly focusing on the open source operating systems and online stores, Apple has yet to make a dominos impression in that domain. The first element is continuity and constant innovation. If innovation is not followed by generation of new kind, it can lead to stagnation. Keeping close to the customers demands and responding according to the need enables maintaining rough-and-ready scoreboard. Customers response helps to determine the market trend and the closer to the customers the better. Apple Inc cannot rely only on Apple phone in this regard. Overall sales and market share capture is far from possible with a single product. Besides, Apple Inc has yet to fix its claws firmly and completely with regard to the computer industry. While tablets great power give them some presence in the market, but competitors like IBM, Microsoft, Android, all are spearhead present and Apple has to create a long-term trenchant strategy to create a counter and come up with something like the mobile phone or tablet to give them a challenge and at long last outsmart them. Apple Inc.

Industrial and Personnel Psychology Essay Example for Free

Industrial and Personnel Psychology Essay1. Personal biographical characteristics of n cardinal atomic number 18 factors that describe an individual. Factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as period, gender, marital status and tenure. These characteristics leave an impact on the attitudes that an individual may have towards endure and awaitent variable such as productivity, absenteeism, and turnover and play merriment. The relationship between age and furrow performance is of great importance because it is believed that stage business performance reducings as age amplifications. Though not all employers have perceptions of older employees.From a controlling perspective it is noted that older employees have more experience, judgment, ethics and commitment. In addition, with older employees, labour turnover is reduced. Because of their longer tenure within the organization they tend to enjoy increased wages, pension and many other benefits and argon in that location fore less likely to leave. With regards to absenteeism and older employees, the evidence is however mixed. Although there are decreases in avoidable absenteeism rates compared to younger employees, there is an increase in unavoidable rates due to poor health due to age, and longer recovery periods. even from a negative point it is noted that older employees lack flexibility, there is a decrease in their productivity due to decreased speed, agility, skill and co-ordination and opponent to change in a changing environment. Consequently, organizations are reluctant to hire older employees. In addition, they tend to retrench them first when it comes to downsizing. Gender in melody performance has no evidence that it affects job merriment. However there is a difference in work schedules because women just astir(predicate)ly prefer part time work or work flexibility due to family responsibilities.With regards to absenteeism women usually have a higher rate of absenteeism than men as women traditionally care for the family. For example when children are sick, it is the mothers who tend to take off work in pitch to take care of such sick children. Married employees generally have a decrease in absenteeism, turnover and an increase in job enjoyment. This may be due to increased responsibilities. With regards to tenure, there is a positive relationship between seniority and job performance and a negative relationship between tenure and absenteeism.That is an increase in tenure and seniority tends to lead to better performance and an increase in tenure to lead to decrease in turnover. People are organizations most valuable and expensive resource, but they are the most difficult element of an organization to manage. Individuals are almost infinitely different, they act differently in different circumstances and are, in many ways, entirely unpredictable. This actor that, unlike machines, they are not interchangeable or able to be easily designed to do the jobs required of them.In terms of the organization, what we are arouse in is the way in which population behave at work-that they perform effectively in pursuit of the organisations goals. The starting point for this is an reason of what makes people behave in the way they do. Although psychologists do not agree on a single definition of personality, there is some consensus that it is concerned with characteristics patterns of sort and modes of thinking that determine a persons adjustment to the environment (Hilgard et al 1979108). Two features of the above definition are noteworthy.In the first place, the intelligence agency characteristic suggests a degree of performance in personality. In the second place, environment suggests that personality is displayed in a social and physical context. Beyond this consensus, there is a great deal disagreement over the development, structure and dynamics of personality. The correct interpretation and use of the results of personality measures and tests depends a great deal on the theory or approach on which the instruments are found. Without this knowledge, the description of personality may well be miused.Personality can therefore be referred to a dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a persons whole psychological system. It looks at the whole person rather than at the summarize of the individual parts. It is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her unique adjustments to his or her environment. An altogether different approach to personality concentrates on identifying and classifying those features that individuals may share. The different categories or types serve to emphasise the similarities within each group and the differences between the groups.These attempts to classify personality features are often referred to as the type or trait approach. There are a number of personality determinants, namely, Heredity, the Environment, or the Situation. Heredity is the process of transmitting biological traits from parent to offspring by genes, the underlying units of heredity. Heredity as well as refers to the inherited characteristics of an individual, including traits such as height, eye color, and blood type. Heredity accounts for why offspring look like their parents when two dogs mate, for example, they have puppies, not kittens.If the parents are both Chihuahuas, the puppies will also be Chihuahuas, not great Danes or Labrador retrievers. The puppies may be a bantam taller or shorter, a little lighter or a lot heavier than their parents are. Their faces may look a little different, or they may have different talents and temperaments. In all the grave characteristics, howeverthe number of limbs, ar rollment of organs, general size, fur typethey will share the traits of their parents. The principles of heredity hold true not only for a whelp but also for a virus, a roundworm, a pansy, or a human.Genetics i s the study of how heredity works and, in particular, of genes. A gene is a section of a long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, and it carries information for the construction of a protein or part of a protein. Through the diversity of proteins they code for, genes influence or determine such traits as eye color, the ability of a bacterium to eat a certain sugar, or the number of peas in a pod. A virus has as few as a dozen genes. A simple roundworm has 5000 to 8000 genes, while a corn sic has 60,000.The construction of a human requires an estimated 50,000 genes. Personality characteristics are not completely dictated by heredity however, as otherwise they would remain the same throughout life scorn the experiences we have. Environment is referred to all of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other animation organisms (biotic factors) or nonliving variables (abiotic factors), such as temperature, rainfall, day length, wind, and ocean currents. The interactions of organisms with biotic and abiotic factors form an ecosystem.Even minute changes in any one factor in an ecosystem can influence whether or not a particular plant or animal species will be successful in its environment. Organisms and their environment constantly interact, and both are changed by this interaction. Like all other living creatures, humans have clearly changed their environment, but they have done so generally on a grander scale than have all other species. any(prenominal) of these human-induced changessuch as the destruction of the worlds tropical rain forests to create farms or grazing land for cattlehave led to adapted climate patterns.In turn, altered climate patterns have changed the way animals and plants are distributed in different ecosystems. Scientists study the long-term consequences of human actions on the environment, while environmentalistsprofessionals in various fields, as well as concerned citizensadvocate ways to lessen the impact of h uman activity on the natural world. Situation is one of the determinants of personality which influences the effect of heredity and environment on personality. Personality, which is generally stable, often changes in different situations.For example, we may behave very differently at a party with our friends as opposed to how we would do at a social gathering of work colleagues and our managers.2. Attitude refers to an opinion or general feeling about something. Attitudes are, essentially feelings towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be related to the process of perception. To look for to reduce the confusion in this area over the use of words and concepts such as feelings and beliefs, Fishbein (19670 put forward the following hierarchical model.Beliefs What we think about people, things, relationships etc My work provides no challenge Attitudes Affective responses to t hose people, things, relationships etc. I see work only as a means to getting money Intentions Congnitive states I will look for my challenge in my leisure time Behavior or Action Observable events I take up mountaineering Attitudes are learned. They derive from our personal reaction to information and events, which manifest themselves as beliefs and feelings about a particular subject.We learn many of our attitudes when we are very young. They are learned by those around us and the conditions or situations in which we find ourselves. Some-particularly feelings-are so strong that they stay with stay with us and affect us for the rest of our lives. The range of influences is complex, but it includes the following * The groups to which we belong-most notably, in early life, the family, but also friendship groups, work groups * Education * Life experiences- particularly the most profound personal ones such as bereavement, etc. but also those experiences which we observe e. g on Tv, or read about. We are aware, too, that our attitudes change over time as a result of the influence of the above factors. For example, it is very often the case that young people have more liberal attitudes than older people, but as they precede work and acquire family and financial commitments and responsibilities they tend to become more conservative. One of the key elements of management in organizations is how to modify or change peoples behaviour.This is central to such features as motivation, securing effective performance, introducing change, etc. whilst as noted above, attitudes do not necessarily condition behaviour, and they are a world-shattering determinant. In organizations, managers use attitude survey to measure and thereby predict behaviour. Managers use information gathered in attitude surveys to guide them in decisions congeneric to employees. Attitude surveys elicit responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work- groups, supervisors and or the organization.Attitude surveys provide managers with valuable feedback on how workers perceive working conditions, and alert them to problems or employee intentions early so that action can be taken in time. Increasingly, attitudinal surveys are being used within organizations to find out about the capability reactions of staff to particular courses of action (for example, organizational change) or to form judgments about their suitability for particular posts (in a similar way to how personality tests are used). useable methods for attitude surveys generally seek to measure fire components for each belief. Thus, attitudes to work could be measured as follows * Strength of feeling about the job itself. The strength with which various attitudes are held about different aspects of the job which are listed, measured on perhaps a seven point scale, from agree totally through neutral to disagree totally. * Value of job to self. Evaluating various aspects of the jo b, again, but in relation to its meaning to the individual. * Social factors.Attitudes and behaviour do not depend on inner perceptions alone, but also upon surrounding social pressures-the persons perceptions of what others think he/she should do. The social factors must be investigated in order to understand all the factors determining behaviour. * Overall attitude An overall assessment of the respondents attitudes to the contex of the job and to work itself, for example, the value and meaning it has in his/ her life. This is a useful measure as it allows more generalized attitudes to the job to be explored. * Intended behaviourPotential reactions to different scenarios about the job or its context. Although hypothetical, this prophecy makes an interesting correlation with actual behaviour. Surveys must have a very clear specification of what they are seeking to measure. Just as with personality tests, there is the ever present danger that the way in which questions are phrased, or the underlying assumptions made, will influence the outcome. Job blessedness and its opposite, job dissatisfaction, refer to the attitudes and feelings job holders have towards their work.Morale can be viewed as a state of mind dependent on the dependent on the degree of job satisfaction experienced by an individual or group. There is general agreement that job dissatisfaction can have harmful effects on both job holders and the organization. Research has associated job dissatisfaction with all the indicators of low morale-high labour turnover, skills wastage, absenteeism, high accident rates, poor timekeeping and a lack of commitment to quality. An individual with low job satisfaction may suffer frustration and stress.Although stress may arise from many quarters, it is the inability to deal with and manage stress that afflicts the individual who suffers job dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction is determined by a number of factors namely, mentally challenging work, equitable reward s, supportive working conditions, and supportive colleagues. Research has shown that employees prefer jobs that give them opportunities to use their abilities and skills. Characteristics such as freedom, feedback and a variety of tasks make work mentally challenging and allow employees to feel pleasure and satisfaction.On other hand, jobs that are not mentally challenging create boredom, frustration and feelings of failure. Employees want rewards (e. g. pay, promotions) that they perceive as just and in line with their expectations. Satisfaction will occur if pay is seen as based on job demands, skill and community standards. It is not the actual amount of pay that counts, but rather the perception of fairness. Individuals that also perceive promotional decisions as fair will be job satisfied. Employees are concerned with working conditions that are comfortable and that enable one to do an optimal job.Environmental factors such as temperature, light, noise should not be too extreme. Factors such as proximity to home, cleanliness, technology and adequate tools, help increase job satisfaction. As well as tangible achievements, employees also work for social interaction. Therefore having friendly and supportive co-workers and superiors also lead to increased job satisfaction. On many do managers interest in job satisfaction centers on its effect on employee performance. Therefore studies have been made to identify the relationships between satisfaction and performance.Organized studies in particular have focused on the effect of satisfaction on the dependent variables such as productiveness, Absenteeism and Turnover. There is no real proof that satisfaction leads to productivity. The saying a happy worker is a productive worker is wishful thinking. Often productivity leads to satisfaction and not the other way around. Productivity leads to increase in rewards, recognition, which in turn increases satisfaction. Satisfaction may lead to productivity on an organiza tion level rather than on an individual level. dissatisfy workers are more likely to be absent.This relationship can be affected however by sick leave benefits which might encourage workers to be absent. While satisfied employees are less likely to leave work. This can however be affected by, labour market conditions, expectations about alternative job offers and length of tenure. Level of satisfaction is less important in predicting turnover for superior employees as more effort is made to keep these individuals. Satisfaction-turnover relationship is also affected by the individuals disposition towards life. If two people are dissatisfied the positive one is more likely to leave.

Theories of Motivation and Relative Needs Essay Example for Free

Theories of Motivation and Relative Needs EssayWhen an employee is underperforming, the employee runs the risk of setting in motion a ripple effect that forget harm the prominent whole of the network that comprises the field in which he or she is performing. In other words, a poorly motivated and poor performing employee can subscribe to a contagion that will dramatically effect the performance of other employees.In certain environments, this can be catastrophic. If ane is to examine the example of a surgical environment, an underperforming employee can non be tolerated. There are a number of ways that such underperformance can be addressed, the worst of which being utilizing an authoritarian, Draconian means of reversing poor performance. Such a method is a mistake.Usually, when an employee is slacking or performing below expectations, it is not terribly difficult to reverse the detrimental trend provided a decent manner in which to coax a better performance is used. Fa r too often, a supervisory will attempt and coax a better performance out of an employee by way of dropping an authoritarian hammer on the person. While this may work in the short term, it ultimately backfires as the moral of the employee hits an all time low and eventually returns to a substandard level of performance that is next to impossible to reverse. yet worse, the employee may become single focused on just doing the bare minimum of acceptable standards and getting the employee to increase an average performance is much to a greater extent difficult that increasing substandard performance as average is something the employee can usually get away with. (Hence, the reason why the employee will steer him egotism towards the asylum net of average.)Under Maslows HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, one of the spheres of needs is that of ego esteem needs. Under this theory, it is suggested for a person to feel a sense of ego worth, there needs to be an emphasis in the persons life on either prof essional or hobbyist pursuits to where the person places a great deal of said emphasis on things the person is talented.In other words, by taking a great deal of self esteem from duties and tasks one performs well will keep a person motivated to continually perform better. When the person is removed from tasks that the person has exceptional talent, then the person will suffer from a lessoning of self esteem.This eventually will set in motion a decline in performance as the person is not able to measure up to professional standards as the duties and tasks the person is assigned are outside of the scope of the individuals talent. This is why it is exceptionally chief(prenominal) that those assigning duties and tasks to an employee must make sure that the employees strengths are being played to. If not, the person will start to suffer from a loss of self esteem and that will be soon followed by a drop in motivation.When it comes to an employee who works in the healthcare field, parti cularly in surgery cerebrate duties, there is an underlying factor that can undermine motivation burnout. Such a career and field is a very high pressure field and requires a great deal of time commitments in order for the employee to function effectively. Such commitment can erode a persons devotion which ultimately will lead to reduced or poor performance. The key to reversing such a trend will involve using Maslows self esteem and self actualization principles in order to reverse the negative trend and performance.In one case, there was an employee named Liza who started to severely slack on her job duties as a surgical nurse. She had always previously performed at exceptional levels, but her recent performances were decidedly lacking. It seemed as if she was on the verge of quitting.In order to help Liza turn her performance around, what needed to be undertaken was a means of boosting her self esteem so she could recapture the fire that she in one case had when it can to perfo rming her duties and tasks. At the base of this was the need to determine what it was that was leading to the reduced performance.The reason that Lizas job performance was suffering was because she was not able to balance the long hours at the hospital with the complexities of her family life. This was creating a feeling of being overwhelmed and it cut into her ability to think clearly. To counteract this problem, Liza was assigned a mentor who had faced alike problems in the past. The mentor was able to slowly work Liza through what had been troubling her and provided her with tips and ideas on how to balance her professional and domicile life. While the results were not overly dramatic, there was progress made.When Liza realized that the tips and oversight her mentor was providing were helping her job performance increase, Liza began to experience a renewed sense of self worth. The reason for this is that her self esteem had increased because she finally realized that it was with in her own power to reverse the negativities. (To a degree, this is similar to Maslows vision of self actualization)So, it can be said that providing a mentor with the express purpose of helping to build up an employees at one time lost self esteem can work wonders in terms of providing motivation for an employee who is seemingly drifting in and out of interest with his/her profession.

Marriage at an Early Age Essay Example for Free

trades union at an first Age EssayMarriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and a milestone in adult life. The age at first join varies across the globe. Being married before the age of 18 has been a affectionate norm in third world countries refer to App force outix A. The pctage of women being married before age 18 is estimated to be 20 to 50 percent in average in developing countries (Joyce, et al. , 2001). On the other hand, western countries ar unlikely to experience the similar pattern of wedlock.The marital union is usually delayed too coherent although this is the most appargonnt reason for the breakd accept in sexual ethics (Orsi, 2001). Because of its wealth, western conjunction chooses to unify later in life until they seduce built an adequate maturity in age, education and financial state. Nowadays, many international organizations have made an effort to reduce the pay sour of earliest hymeneals worldwide (Yudkin and Robert, 1996). Many believe t hat the practice of early marriage can hinder self-development of upstart misfires.However, in western countries, there ar several efforts to promote preadolescent marriages (Orsi, 2001). They believe that early marriage should be looked as a platform to cultivate maturity together but non as an institution just for the grown-up individuals. As we are concern, early marriage is widely practice in developing countries hence a global render has arisen as to whether early marriage does really hinder self development due to the consequences it brings to young girls. The practice is believed to bring several benefits to some extent.However, the adverse personal effects it brings can impede the self-development of young adolescences in many aspects including health consequences, quality building and education as well as career opportunities. 2. 0Statistical Studies of Early Marriage This aspect richlylights the prevalence of early marriage across the globe and the rattling reason s of early marriage particularly in developing countries. This aspect is definitive to expound the situation regarding early marriage worldwide. 2. 1Prevalence of Young Marriage The practice of young marriage is most common in developing countries ( unite Nation Childrens broth (UNICEF), 2001).According to Joyce (2001), an analysis of Demographic and Healthy Survey data shows that Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asian countries are having the most cases of early marriage. Of these countries that have high cases of young marriage, Niger is the draging country with 88 percent of the women married before age 18. Adapted From Joyce, L. F. , et al. (2001). Future Options Foreclosed Girls Who Marry Early. Reproductive Health and Rights. 139-143. Retrieved January 25, 2006, from the World all-inclusive Web http//www. path. org/files/RHR-Article-14. pdf. 2. 2Major Factors That Lead to Early MarriageThe huge number of young marriage in developing countries is due to sev eral reasons. Poverty is one of the major(ip) factors underpinning early marriage (Joyce, 2001). A young girl may be regarded as an economic burden for a family thus early marriage is looked as a strategy for economic survival. A current study of five very poor villages in Egypt shows that young girls are being married dour to much older men from oil-rich Middle eastern countries for family survival (UNICEF, 2001). Besides, early marriage is one way to ensure that a girl is protected from natural disturbance (UNICEF, 2001).Parents believe that their daughters are safer when they marry early as there is always a man to guard them. For instance, some families in Northern Uganda push the young girls to marry to militia members in order to secure protection (UNICEF, 2001). For third world countries, marriage shortly after puberty is common among those lifetime traditional lifestyles (Joyce, 2001). The girls as early as 14 years old have to carry responsibilities as a wife. As it h as become a kindly custom, the tradition is carried on from one generation to the next. 3. 0Opponents Views Against Early MarriageThis aspect discusses some of the opponents views against early marriage. It mostly talks about the disadvantages of early marriage to the girls including the wishing of education, health problems and psychosocial disadvantages. The arguments given agree that early marriage does hamper self-development. 3. 1 The Denial of Education The opponents believed that early marriage denies the right of young adolescents to the education they bring for self-development. In traditional societies, the investment in a girls education is thought to be wasted as the girl is going to marry and stay at home doing planetary house chores (UNICEF, 2001).For instance, in Northern Nigeria, early marriage is the very reason girls are often withdrawing from shallow (UNICEF, 2001). Because of the early end of female education, they have limited opportunities to develop skill s and acquire knowledge that serve them well throughout their lives hence restricts their economic and career opportunities (Joyce, 2001). This is because withdrawal from school that results in illiterate and unskilled women will lead to no recognition in professional field. 3. 2 Health and Reproduction ProblemThe opponents also argued that early accouchement which always occurs in early marriage endanger the lives of both the mother and her baby (Joyce, 2001). The early pregnancy increases the peril of complications and dying during delivery. A report shows that the stake of death due to pregnancy-related cases is doubled among women aged 15 to 19 compared to adult women (Adhikari, 2006). They further stressed that these girls are also much susceptible to sexually-transmitted diseases (UNICEF, 2001). Hormonal fluctuations and permeableness of vaginal tissues undergo by these girls can lead to infertility.Moreover, according to a study in Rwanda, 25 percent of women who were p regnant before 18 were give with HIV although they only had sex with their husbands (UNICEF, 2001). 3. 3Psychosocial Disadvantages When early marriage takes place, the girls will confront with great emotional damage. Sociologists suggested that this is due to their confinement at home to do household chores hence their mobility is denied (UNICEF, 2001). Most of the girls are depressed with this situation that eventually affects their emotional well being.An Indian research conducted in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh found that the spouses of early marriage usually suffered from great psychosocial damage (UNICEF, 2001). Another concern raised by the opponents is that the young girl loses her social life outside family cycle and this has affected her chance of cultivating her own identity (UNICEF, 2001). The most important implication of this is that her self-esteem is silently hindered from being developed and this will make her vulnerable to sexual and physical violence.In Eastern Af rica for instance, a young wife has no right to refuse sex to her husband even though her partner is suspected with HIV (UNICEF, 2001). 4. 0 Proponents Views on Early Marriage This part will enlighten several views that support early marriage in our society. This includes health benefits, social stability and character advantages. In this argument, early marriage is looked upon as a better practice than delayed marriage. 4. 1 Health Benefits The proponents believed that body functions are more effective and healthy at early stage in life.For women, the body is particularly geared towards reproduction during early adulthood (Orsi, 2001). Early marriage is beneficial because desire and energy from young couples also produce healthy offsprings. They also highlighted that later marriage has led to problematic births and birth defects. This can happen as the body is unlikely to carry off any burden like pregnancy at a late age. Not surprisingly, later marriage which is always associated with cohabitation and premarital sex increase the risk of sexually-transmitted diseases (Orsi, 2001).The hazardous infections like HIV will spread widely if the practice of premarital sex has became a lifestyle. 4. 2 Early Marriage as a Solution to Cohabitation Another issue raised by the proponents is that the trend towards later marriage has led to a great social deterioration in the society in term of cohabitation. In the United States of America, cohabitation is more prevalent than other countries as the people choose to marry later in life (Henslin, 2005). A study found that cohabitation before marriage is the very reason for breaking up after they were married (Henslin, 2005).Besides that, the increasing case of cohabitation in the United States of America is clearly illustrated by the graph on the next page. Adapted From Henslin, J. M. (2005). Cohabitation. Sociology- A Down to Earth Approach (2nd Ed. ). 468. Boston Pearson, Allyn Bacon. They further argued that married cou ples including young spouses gain more benefits in terms of physical health, general happiness and longevity than cohabitants.This is proven from a study which was cited as strong evidence that cohabiting couples experienced the rate of depression three times more than married couple (Popenoe and Dafoe, 2006). . 3 Self-development Improvement It is also believed that early marriage helps in cultivating maturity. Early marriage is looked upon as a platform for young people to grow in maturity together. Moreover, they share experiences at an early age before egoism is deposited in their heart. This is important to ensure a successful marriage is established (Orsi, 2001). They further emphasized that early marriage is a natural institution to grow emotionally by everyday give and take at an early age. This foundation is hard to build later in life.Also, through The London Telegraph, Emma Besbrode has reported that individuals that are unmarried by early age are more vulnerable to depre ssion and loneliness (Orsi, 2001). This unbalance in emotional development will lead to a stressful life. 5. 0 How Does Early Marriage Hamper Self-development? In this area, both arguments from proponents and opponents are being evaluated in terms of health, character building and education. This is important to determine whether the practice of early marriage does impede self-development. 5. 1 Health AspectHealth is a very important aspect in self-development of an individual. Early marriage greatly affect the health of young adolescents especially girls. Although women who marry later in life are also vulnerable to problematic birth, (Orsi, 2001) the girls who are particularly still growing up have to struggle with the risks associated with early pregnancies (UNICEF, 2001). This is because the physical features of the girls are not fully developed and therefore both the girls and their babies have to compete to obtain the necessary nutrients for themselves.This means that early ma rriage endangers both mother and her baby. Besides those, sexual intercourse that takes place at a very young age can enhance the risk of sexually-transmitted diseases (STD) (UNICEF, 2001). It is also true that STD can also infect unmarried people as well especially among cohabitants, but a recent study conducted in Rwanda shows that the younger the age at sexual intercourse, the higher the risk of STD (UNICEF, 2001). This proves that early marriage set off a poor cycle of health. 5. 2 Character Building AspectEach and every individual has his/her own character. The practice of early marriage limits character development as a girl who marries early experiences less socialization outside her family cycle (UNICEF, 2001). This reduces her opportunities for building her own identity which is vital for her successful self-development. On the other hand, some individuals believe that early marriage is a stage for maturity to be acquired and it is not just for matured individuals (Orsi, 20 01). However, it is not the case as these girls are affected by great emotional disturbance and depression.Inter-American researchers have discovered that these emotional consequences are unavoidable part of life for those who choose to marry early (UNICEF, 2001). Therefore, it is clearly shown that early marriage does hinder personal development. 5. 3 Education and Intellect The importance of well-developed education is vital for an individual to survive. Since early marriage is the major reason for young adolescents to quit from school (Adhikari, 2006), it can restrict career prospects of a girl by limiting her chances to acquire important skills and knowledge.Without those qualities, the girls future seems to anticipate to any opportunities for economic survival. In fact, unemployment rates are higher for those who have limited education (Baker and Dryden, 1993). This is clearly illustrated from the table below. Unemployment identify by Educational Attainment for 15 to 24 year- olds, Canada, 1991 Educational AttainmentUnemployment Rate 0 to 8 years29. 5 Some secondary education20. 7 High school graduation15. 7 Some post-secondary12. 6 Post-secondary certificate11. 7 University degree 8. 1 Total16. 2 Source Baker, M. and Dryden, J. (1993).Patterns in Employment and Unemployment or Young People. Families in Canadian fellowship (2nd Ed. ). 93-94. Canada McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. For those reasons, early marriage is proven to bring more reproach than benefits. This practice consequently hampers ones personal development. 6. 0 Conclusion The practice of early marriage in our society today does hinder personal development of individuals in terms of health, character building and intellectual qualities. First, a girl is more vulnerable to diseases and complications when sex intercourse takes place between the spouses occur at an early age.Early pregnancies followed by childbearing can also bring harm to the girl by increasing the risks of dying and problems during delivery. Apart from this, character building which is important to determine ones unique identity will be affected as well when a girl enters marriage at a young age. The loss of mobility and social life due to the early marriage will result in lack of self esteem and great emotional damage. In addition, limited education is obvious among those who marry early.In the long run, this lack of schooling will restrict economic and career prospect in the future because withdrawal from school means no qualifications and recognition. This will foreclose the future options of ones self. Therefore, the practice of early marriage is proven to hinder personal development and should be reduced among young adolescents especially in developing countries with high incidence of young marriage. Effective steps should be executed by international organization to reduce the number of this practice worldwide. For instance, from each one country should rise up the legal age for marriage.Besides that, education should be promoted among young couples so that they acquire adequate level of education for their future. Although it is fractious to reduce the number, by helping the young spouses with their life, it more or less, reduces the burden they carry.

Personal Experience: A Caring Occurrence

Personal Experience A Caring OccurrenceThe purpose of this contemplative paper is to reflect on a personal experience in which you c ard for item-by-item. Using Johns model (Johns 2006), the reflection will explore how the personal experience reflected a pity occurrence. Reflection is the appearance of experiential cognition and as care for students we should begin to use reflection as our experience in the nursing plain stitch accumulates. It is both justified and recommended that Carpers work be incorporated into reflective practice since it was a key figure in widening knowledge in nursing (Heath, 1998). Reflective practice incorporates Carpers (1978) ways of knowing personal, ethical, aesthetical and empirical knowing into an individuals reflection. Reflection is a personal dread of self and in the instruction of self, reflecting on human relationships and interactions between two or more(prenominal) people. As a nurse, the relationship is between the nurse and the cli ent, and some terms involves the clients family as well.The experience in which I cared for some integrity occurred in the fall of 2009. As part of my Gr. 12 Ethics and Morals Religion Class, it was required that for an eight week period, we worn-out(a) a period of our time, erst a week at a solitude home with our assigned adoptive grandparent. The purpose of this assignment was to excrete time with an older adult, engage in communication, participation, and enjoy the time spent with the older generation and learn from them. So once a week, I do my way to the retirement home and spent an hour and a half with my adoptive grandparent Blanche. I planned ahead of time activities that she might like to take part in such as a puzzle, a walk, a craft, or baking. Once I got there, I would ask her what she would like to do and we would go from there. Each time I went there, she had a different floor to tell me her life as a young farm girl, her teenage years, and the love of her life, her career as a t distributivelyer, her family and journeys she had been on. Each story had its own personal kernel to her and I sat there attentively and listened, asked probing questions and comments. As her adopted grandchild, it was my duty to entertain her, keep her spirits up and encourage her. The one week when I went there, she had physiotherapy so I could non spend much time with her on a personal level, yet more of a team of pity individuals to support her, and encourage her through her therapy. Although this situation does not exactly relate to a medical need for caring for someone, I fluid managed to care for an individual on a personal, face-to-face encounter. This experience also helped me to learn how important the elderly patients are.When I experienced this caring situation, I was feeling worried and nervous at first. I was unsure what to expect prior to meeting my adoptive grandparent. I was worried about the item that my grandparent might not deal like me, or would be extremely quiet and held back. Since this was one of the first times I would be put in an experience like this, I just did not know what to expect. After the first two weeks, I became more comfortable in my surroundings and each week I would then look forward to my visits with Blanche. After I became comfortable, I was happy and opened up more towards Blanche. The purpose of this experience achieved a new found friendship with a member of the older generation. It gave me the opportunity to care for an individual at the retirement home who did not have umpteen visitors, so I became her weekly visitor and spent flavour time with her and card for her in a special way. This experience helped me achieve a cave in respect for the elderly and enhanced my ability to relate to them on a personal level.Knowledge that may have informed me would be the calling for a special person who cares for the spirituality of others. Nursing is a caring profession that is honoured as the sp iritual, spirit-filled practice (Vance, 2003). A caring occasion becomes transpersonal when nurse and client together with their unique life histories and perception become a focal point, in which the moment is greater than the occasion itself (Watson, 2008). The experience shared between the two becomes a deeper pattern in life. The caring moment is being in the moment. Fully present, open to other people, compassion and connection. Reflection of practice allows the nurse to observe decisions made and bring to the open the knowledge that has formed from practicing skills. Nursing students can enhance multiple ways of knowing and their understanding of caring through the exercise of reflecting on caring encounters (Schaefer, 2002). The foundation of nurse care is the wisdom in knowing and understanding that lessons are learned by one another to become more human in learning the identity of ourselves with others.When I cared for Blanche on a weekly basis, I acted for the best with the values that I had at the time. Although I had not dealt with many elderly patients prior to this experience, I still knew the values I had and gave Blanche my utmost respect. I treated her with the same respect that I would have liked to be treated if the positions were opposite. Caring as a nurse essence the innermost of nursing, without prejudice and aims at prioritizing the patients suffering and needs (Gustafsson et al., 2007). Nursing care is the process aimed at responding to patients needs without reasoning. Quality care is the element to caring. When a nurse is caring for someone, it is best that they are not bias towards the patient, nurses should treat all patients equally, meaning not giving certain patients more attention, unless their critical situation demands it of them.This situation connects with a previous experience in which I worked at a retirement home for a few weeks in the summer. This position mainly had me as house cleaning but in the evening when both thing was done, it allowed me to interact with the residents. I talked to them, play games and took them for a stroll outside. The experience in which I cared for Blanche was more connected and personal in terms of the one-on-one time I was able to spend with her. The idea of reflection is caring science learning, learning and developing a personal knowledge of caring as an art (Gustafsson et al., 2007). This helps to establish the substance and quality of caring in regards to the patient.Factors that constrain my responding in new ways is my personal confidence level, with a variation of the knowledge of my experience, which I will hope to murder from working side-by-side with experience nurse practitioners. This also relates to my level of involvement, if I increase the questions I ask if I am in doubt, I will throw out more knowledge of the situation. This will also offer clarification and a deeper level of thought in regards to the situation. When I was caring for Blanche, at first I was not very confident and a little hesitant to introducing myself to a complete stranger and spending time with her once a week. After dynamic in this learning of a life lesson, I gained so much from it. I have more confidence in my ability to communicate with strangers I have stepped outside the box I built up around myself and have become a more confident, strong, communicative leader. Although I may still be a little hesitant about situations, that is normal. A fear of the unknown or hesitation is another constraint to responding in new ways. This nescient is an sensory faculty that as a nurse does not and cannot know or understand the client when they first meet (Heath, 1998). Knowing the clients information or range prior to meeting with the patient will help make the situation a little more comfortable. Mixed groups may possibly enhance the development of skills of reflection (Heath, 1998). Working together as a team will help form and ensure actions are for the be st. As a team, all sides are valued and reflection is more in-depth and has different vantage points.As a student nurse, insights that I have gained from this reflection is that my experience will grow and I can begin to understand the details of what experienced nurses know. It may only be a small portion, but I can build an understanding for the knowledge expert nurses have and benefit from it. A powerful insight is recognizing the unknown, and as a nurse, I can learn to remain alert to the clients individual viewpoint of the situation. This can best be done by listening to the client and establishing a truthful, open, working relationship, without the state of unknowing. Nurses need to be aware of the neediness of empirical knowledge (Heath, 1998). This will promote an awareness to learn, research and increase practical skills. Guided reflection is a journey of self-inquiry and transformation (Johns, 2006). Reflection helps one realize their ability to care, learn and gain experi ence on past situations, learn from mistakes so they do not happen again. Reflection is awakening of the self (Johns, 2006).Did I act or be the best I could be with Blanche? I personally feel that I did the best job I could with the knowledge I had at the time. After learning about nurse- client therapeutic communication, I feel that maybe now, if I were to go back and relive the experience, I would be have a better relationship with her and gain more knowledge and become an even better adopted grandchild. I would ensure that the relationship would be more purposeful and contain a position of trust and a unique responsibility to maintain a therapeutic relationship. What would I have done differently if I was able to relive this experience to improve and make the most of this experience for both myself and Blanche? If I were to relive this experience, I would replace the direction of advancing the best outcome and interest for Blanche. I would give her more attention, make more time in my schedule to spend time with her and take pleasure in the time spent together. Just because I may understand something, does not mean that I could change the outcome, it just means I am on my way to changing and becoming a more determined nurse. Understanding something is the first step towards changing.As John (2006) states, unremarkably negative feelings such as anger, guilt, frustration and sadness draw our attention to the experience. These negative feelings draw specific attention because they seem disturbed and usual taken-for-granted awareness for feelings. In my situation while I was caring for my adopted grandparent, this was not the case. If anything, it was the opposite. The feelings that drew my attention to this caring situation were happiness, thoughtfulness, joy, and understanding. The smile I saw every time I walked into Blanches room and glow in her eyes every time she saw us. Our weekly visits to her brightened her days and made her feel young again. I appre ciated being with her, giving her my time, my attention and my skill as a person of todays generation. It takes practice first and then reflection (Johns, 2006). It is best to practice the skills mandatory first, make sure they are understood and demonstrated them properly and then reflect on the occasion and what went right and what went wrong and improve the situation for the beside time.

Reflection On A Significant Incident From Paramedic Practice Nursing Essay

Reflection On A Significant Incident From Paramedic Practice Nursing quizThe intention of this written essay is to demonstrate an understanding of my views on the art and science of criticism and the issues surrounding ruminative act. It is carnald on a fundamental consequent from my own area of clinical make as a state registered paramedic employed by a largeprovincial Ambulance returns N.H.S. Trust deep down the U.K. there is a discussion appraising the concept of locution both generally, and in my particular area of figure. This is followed by an analysis of the incident using The What ? Model of Structured reflection suggested by Driscoll (2000). A rationale is given for the selection of this particular incident and also for the selection of the chosen place as a framework. It will show how the model has been used to reflect on the incident, what has been exposet, and the outcome on both current and future practice.Reflection is an progressive process of witnessin g ones own experience so that we can take a closer look at it. It has its foundations in the discipline of experiential encyclopedism. Dewey (1939 cited in Rolfe, Freshwater, Jasper 2001) claimed that we learn by doing, and realising what came of what we did.Reflective practice is virtuallything more than than thoughtful practice. It is that form of practice which seeks to problematise many occurrences of professional performance so that they can become probable learning situations and so the practitioners can continue to learn, grow and develop in and through their practice Jarvis P. (1992) pp174 -181. Johns, C (2000a) pg 34, describes reflection as a window through which the practitioner can view and focus self within the context of his own livedexperience in ways that enable him to confront, understand and work towards resolving the contradictions within his practice between what is desirable and actual practice.All professionals experience physical, hands on , doing parts of their roles, but unless they search for the knowledge that comes from realising what came of what they did, then the standard of their practice can stand still. In other words if you incessantly do what you hold in always done you will always get what you have always got.Roth (1989) summarized the basic elements of a reflective process as follows, Keeping an open mind about what, and how we do things. Awareness of what, why and how we do things. Questioning what, why and how we do things. Asking what, why and how other people do things. Generating choices, options and possibilities. Comparing and contrasting results. seek to understand underlying tools and rationales. Viewing our activities and results from various perspectives. Asking What if ..? Seeking feedback and other peoples ideas and viewpoints. Using prescriptive (advice) models only when carefully adapted to theindividual situation. Analysing, synthesising and testing. Searching for, marking and resolving problems and result limitation.As a guide to its essential nature, reflection can be viewed as ten Cs ofreflection. Johns.C (2000b) Commitment believing that self and practice matter acceptingresponsibility for self the openness, curiosity and willingness to scrap normative ways of responding to situations. Contradiction exposing and understanding the contradiction betweenwhat is desirable and actual practice. Conflict harnessing the energy of conflict within contradiction tobecome authorise to take appropriate action. Challenge and Support confronting the practitioners normativeattitudes, beliefs and actions in ways that do not threaten the practitioner. Catharsis operative through negative feelings. intromission moving beyond self to see and understand new ways ofviewing and responding to practice. Connection connecting new insight within the real world of practiceappreciating the temporality over reality. Caring realising desirable practice as everyday reality. Congruence ref lection as a mirror for caring. Constructing Personal Knowing in practice weaving personal knowing with relevant extant theory in constructing knowledge.Reflections can vary in their details and their complexity. Two main levels of reflective enquiry have been identified either practitioners engage in deep and potentially meaningful inquiry, or they opt for superficial problem solving harmonize to tradition or pressure of work. Burnard P. Chapman C.M. (1988)Reflection can be facilitated in a number of various ways. In the narrative, through reflective writing, this may be in the form of analysis of a significant incident from the writers area of practice, through poetry and journal or diary entries and in the context of a portfolio. In clinical supervision, this has been described as an exchange between practising professionals to enable the development of professional skills. B Procter (1989) pg. 23, it can be expressed through communion and it has a vital part to play in sustain ing and developing professional practice.Reflection can also be expressed using creative strategies such(prenominal) as music, poetry, modelling, art and collage.There is a danger that personal reflection can focus on the negatives of a given incident, where it should involve balanced vital evaluation, focused on abilities and potential for growth.In order to provide a framework for methods, practices and processes for building knowledge from practice there are several models of reflection available. All can help to direct individual reflection. Some may be particularly useful for superficial problem solving, and other better when a deeper reflective process is required. Reflective models however are not meant to be used as a rigid set of questions to be answered but to give some structure and encourage making a record of the activity.The model I have chosen is Driscolls What? model. The reason being that though it has a stage of three simple questions what? , so what?, now what ? the added trigger questions give a deeper and meaningful reflective process by stimulating a more in depth enquiry leading to the formulation of an action plan for the future. It may be argued that reflective practice in my own area of clinical practice in the ambulance service has always been deployed whether through debriefing after a serious incident or the informal discussion in the cab of the vehicle.I and my crewmate, an ambulance technician, received an emergency call from ambulance control just after midnight to respond to a road traffic collision between a pedestrian and a car. The location was given as a semi-rural area some 6 miles distance from our Ambulance Station, and we were quickly on the scene.As we arrived on scene we first aphorism the car that had been involved in the incident and l made a quick mental note of the damage to the bonnet, windscreen and roof to assess the mechanism of injury to the pedestrian. The driver was still sitting in the drivers seat and although obviously distressedhad no apparent injuries and was being comforted by a passer-by. This situation was left as it was the primary concern was the pedestrian. The pedestrian, a male in his early forties, was lying on the road some distance from the damaged car. There were three passers-by with him one of them stated that the casualty was unconscious but breathing.I carried out a patient assessment with a primary survey a rapid in-depth survey of airway, breathing, circulation, disability, taking 60- 90 seconds. (Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee. Pre-hospital Clinical Guidelines Manual.) I immobilised the patients cervical spine using a semi-rigid cervical collar and loose his airway using the jaw thrust technique. (Institute of health and Care Development Ambulance Service Paramedic Training Manual). On assessing the airway I observed the patients sassing and upper airway for air movement. There was obstruction due to blood and I removed this by aspirati ng with suction equipment, and then inserted an oropharyngeal airway in the patients mouth. Moving onto breathing assessment I exposed the patients chest to observe chest wall movement and assess for chest trauma as a cause of breathing problems. Breathing was absent so l proceeded with resuscitation guidelines. Administering basic life gestate with cardiac pulmonary resuscitation I asked my crewmate to fetch the trolley and the spinal anaesthesia board and we positioned the patient on to the spinal board ensuring that cervical spine immobilisation was maintained by using head blocks and straps. Once secured safely to the spinal board, placed on the trolley and transferred to the ambulance, whilst continuing Basic Life Support. The patient was attached to the cardiac monitor which showed Asystole (no cardiac output) and advanced life support was commenced. Intubating the patient was difficult, and it took several endeavors to achieve, but eventually the endotracheal tube was in p osition and connected to the oxygen driven mechanical ventilator to allow artificial ventilation of the patient. The next task was to gain intravenous access for the administration of drugs and fluids, and full advanced life support was commenced. Whilst on The Reflective Practitioner Course I chose to reflect on this incident by writing a piece of poetry entitled Final-Cup Final based on Gibbs model of reflection (see appendix 1). The feelings I had then was that I had done everything possible to stay fresh the patients life given the circumstances. But when using Driscolls model (see appendix 2) , with the added trigger questions, a deeper and more meaningful reflection process occurred making me question my actions and leading to the formulation of an action plan for the future.Final Cup FinalI remember that strong summers night so clearly, the football cup final. Most people would have watched it just the same as you. Our shift started at seven, by the time we returned to ba se at midnight five emergencies already, I felt ready for a break. I must have nodded off, suddenly awoke with the ringing of the phone Emergency between A and B Pedestrian versus car.. Off we set all sorts of things racing through my mind. Soon arrived on scene and first saw the damage to the car change integrity bonnet, broken windscreen, dented roof. The driver sat there shaking, terribly distraught.Passers-by were with you, not sure how to help. Myself and my crew-mate did all we could,used all the skills we knew, Intubation, cannulation, full drugs protocol Nothing we did could save you and my helpless feelings grew. And now as l pass by the scene several times each week I often stop to oppugn is there more we could have done? On careful reflection theres nothing more we could. And now I have to realise nothing could have changed. Negative thoughts turn positive look to the future and learn from what has been. Using The What ? Model of structured reflection suggested by Dri scoll (2000) the incident can be analysed in the following way.The purpose of returning to this situation is to review and reflect upon my experiences of this particular incident, and help make sense of what was a stressful, complicated and messy situation. I learn to question if l made the correct decision as a paramedic to continue with resuscitation of this patient or if l should have certified accompaniment of death at the scene.The casualty was in respiratory and cardiac arrest and so cardiopulmonary resuscitation, basic, and advanced life support was commenced and the patient rushed to the closest hospital with an accident and emergency department.My crewmate helped with clinical procedures on scene, i.e. cardiopulmonary resuscitation, assisting with intubation and cannulation and drawing up drugs. The casualtys friend and passers-by, although in an emotional state of seismic disturbance helped as much as they could by fetching and carrying when asked to and I think this h elper them in the situation they found themselves in by giving some purpose of being useful.At the time of the incident there was a reflection in action, where do we go from here? tuning in and passing game with the flow approach from both myself and my crewmate. There were two options available, either continue with resuscitation with full advanced life support or certify fact of death. The beaver approach at the time, and the one that l chose, even though his injuries were not compatible with life, was to continue with resuscitation. The main factor for this decision was by assessing the situation as a whole and considering the feelings of others. If resuscitation was not attempted the casualtys friend and bystanders would have thought that we were not giving him the best possible go on of survival, even though this chance was very remote. This had to be weighed up against the consequences of commencing resuscitation when it could be both futile and distressing for relatives, f riends and health care personnel. Time and resources could be wasted in undertaking such measures.Through reflection on action I have recognised that no guidelines can cover every situation that may arise. They are mean to provide adequate guidance for the great majority of circumstances. Not everything is black and white, there will be grey areas, and it is the individuals responsibility to act as he thinks appropriate at that particular time.The implications for me and others when facing a similar situation again, are to recognise that there is sometimes a grey area when considering if to attempt resuscitation or not. This has to be assessed taking in to consideration the particular situation and using professional judgement based on best evidence and up to date knowledge, and at times thinking beyond the guidelines, whilst remaining professionally accountable to the Heath Professions Council. I can use this learning experience when working with and mentoring trainee ambulance c ater and discussing my feelings with them and how they may react and feel in a similar situation.I can get more information and support to face a similar situation from my Clinical Support Manager, Ambulance Service Education department, Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee Clinical Practice Guidelines manual and the Institute of Health and Care Development manual.ConclusionReflection can range from deep and potentially meaningful inquiry, to superficial problem solving. The care that patients receive has the direct potential to improve through reflective practice. Structured reflective practice also has the potential to develop staff and improve the implementation of professional standards. It has the following advantages to stretch the health care professional helps to make sense of complicated and difficult situations, a medium to learn from experiences and therefore improve performance and patient care, identify educational needs, identify workload stressors, highli ght barriers to development and ways of identifying improvements, and provide evidence of continual professional development and lifelong learning.In addition staff could become increasingly more motivated and empowered.