Issues †politics Essay

Boeing is one of the world’s best known manufactures of aircrafts and so is Northrop Grumman who are the manufacturers of the airbus (Online News Hour, 2008). These are two top brands who are obviously competing in other areas of business and therefore any decision that involve them is bound to raise considerable heat. It should b noted that both are American companies though Northrop Grumman is partly owned by a French company. The nature of the contract which involves the security of America as a nation is a matter of national concern as it involves the development of structures that could ensure the growth of security systems. Boeing and Grumman being business structures, such a big contract will obviously attract the interest of stakeholders from both sides. There are a number of key issues that have been brought out by the airforce contracts which include: Military contracts are a matter of public concern since it is in place to protect the public, the resources used in the military contracts are derived from taxpayers and therefore the failure of such projects will be a waste of taxpayers money (Meyer, 2007). When McCain questioned the cost effectiveness in leasing planes that would otherwise have no values when their lease period was over his motive as the senator of Alabama was to ensure that the taxpayers money is channeled to useful projects. Furthermore, it is quite clear that the politicians have the ability to shoot down potentially useful deals due to what Northrop Grumman executives refer to as expensive lobbying. Politics is not always objective for there are situations where the stakes involved are shielded from the public and though the politics and viewpoints will be developed to suit the public, the real reasons are often personal (Meyer, 2007). The inclusion of politics in such cases therefore has both advantages and disadvantages and should be weighed carefully. Military procurement just like any other public procurement scheme is prone to corruption, this was the case in the original contract that was brought to an end by Rumsfeld in 2006. Moreover, the big money involved in military procurement processes act as a natural catalysts for corruption, therefore there is need to come up with a robust self regulated systems that will ensure that such unethical practices are not in anyway included in the procurement process, the congress thus comes into the picture (Meyer, 2007). However, the political system is not known for its objectivity. In the cases, some of the reasons brought out against Northrop Grumman are flimsy and lack in objectivity. The fact that there will be lobbying is a clear sign that there will be loss in objectivity thus the decision will tend to favor groups that are be able to garner enough political support in the congress. Furthermore, the political system is one of the most corrupt system there is and the rationale in placing such a system to guard against corruption is questionable. i.Security Military procurement is a security critical matter (Meyer, 2007). The military is in place to ensure that the US is protected against its external enemies (Meyer, 2007). The seriousness with which the equipment tendering process is treated and the keen eye that the media watches the unfolding of such events relay the importance placed on the military by the American people. The US is traditionally a ‘fighting nation’ and the effectiveness of its military and equipments is one of the factors that has cemented its place as a world power. Military activities require high levels of secrecy (Meyer, 2007). There is need to come up with effective equipments that can be used in varied situations. It should be noted that the arguments brought forward by the executives from both sides are centered around the superiority of their products or the weaknesses of their opposite. The need for accuracy and well developed products that have the required reputation are some of the considerations that led to the two big companies making it to the final stage. The two companies are multinationals that have developed their brands all over the globe. It is noteworthy that when the US defense secretary cancels Boeing’s leases other nations still seek their products and are continues seeking the products that have been labeled cost ineffective due to the reputation associated with their brand name. The importance of the security system is seen in the number of avenues and legislative systems that have been put in place to ensure that the process is done in a just manner (Krishnan, 2008). When the airforce declares that Northrop Grumman had won the bid for the airforce tankers, Boeing seeks redress through a different avenue: Public accountability office. The office looks at their complaints and decides to freeze the process. It should be noted that it was the same office that had early in the decades frozen a billion dollar Boeing contract due to corruption charges. Even though there are systems put in place to ensure proper procedures in procurement of services and services, they can be outdone easily (Krishnan, 2008). The corruption allegations made in the initial Boeing contracts are a clear case where the protocols were overridden and it only came to realization a couple of months after the contracts had been signed. Furthermore, the fact that is was later found out that a different design could meet the specifications made by the airforce with reduced costs clearly show that even though the guidelines are put in place they are rarely followed thus the need for a system or authority that will follow up on the recommendations and processes to ensure that they conform to the laid out guidelines. Some politicians have argued that the French affiliation of the airbus manufacturer is in itself a security risk and therefore a purely American company should be contracted. However, such a contracting systems will obviously lock out other capable companies and therefore bring about questions on the integrity of the bidding process. America has prided itself as being a liberalized nation, putting up measures that will lock out other qualified members on the basis of the compositions of its investors is contrary to the spirit of liberalization. Furthermore, being involved with a company that has partnered with a success story in Europe shields the tanker project from American economic downtimes though it effectively ensures that the project is affected by the happening in Europe. It is unrealistic to lobby for Boeing on the basis of confidentiality; a company that has already shown traces of corruption cannot be trusted and neither can a company that is yet to prove its worth in the military sector. Therefore, system should be put in place to ensure that the projects are monitored and compared to some given standards if either is to be awarded the contract. ii. Stability The US is the father of capitalism and is therefore a country that is characterized by intense competition between industry players who will always be on the look for additional finances that will ensure their development into the future (Verkuil, 2007). On the day it was reported that Northrop Grumman had won the military contracts its share prices rose by over 20 cents and Boeing’s shares fell by a couple of cents (CBS News, 2008). Note, the development in the contract procurement were being watched by investors who will then make their decisions on which company to invest in. Even though the large money involved in the transactions may be enough to lure investors into channeling their resources to a particular company, the reputation involved in being a company contracted with one of the world’s best airforce to develop its aircraft tankers is enough to cause significant changes in the company’s share index. Being a capitalistic economy where entities gain at the expense of others, Boeing is bound to feel the pinch. The situation is made worse by the consideration that Boeing has a well developed reputation and therefore failure to win a contract from a partner that it has associated with for a long time may be taken by the investors and its consumers in the wrong light. It may imply that the partner does not trust its capacity to develop superiors products or has doubts on its potential to remain productive. To bring the idea of reputation into perspective, many are of the notion that the corruptions charges brought against Boeing may have affected its chances of successfully bidding for the contract (Verkuil, 2007). This holds considerable weight in that the military is not all about facilities but also reputation. The American people and its enemies will always keep a keen eye on the military and any transactions conducted with a partner who is proved to be corrupt will dent on its integrity thus its reputation. Conclusion Awarding a contract to a company to deliver services that are of public interest is a complex process and will always involve the media and many other systems that have been put in place to ensure the safety of the public. Individual good and interest will always be central in the arguments brought forward by most people, this is more pronounced if the contract will significantly affect many people. It is therefore upon the government and the social systems to ensure that the systems put in place to ensure effectiveness of the bidding process are functioning properly and are robust enough to deal with the dynamism associated with such processes. If need be, changes must be instituted to ensure that the system are functioning. The products delivered must measure up to some predetermined standards to ensure quality and accountability. These measures and other quality management measures if well integrated into the bidding and implementation of contracts that are of public interest will ensure that the public benefits in the best possible way. Word Count: 3271 ,Reference List CBS News (2008). Boeing Spurned On Huge Air Force Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from Krishnan, A. (2008). War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Meyer, J. (2007). Working in a War Zone: Military Contractors. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Online News Hour (2008). Boeing, Northrop Grumman Clash Over Tanker Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from United States Government Accountability Office (2008). Statement Regarding the Bid Protest Decision Resolving the Aerial Refueling Tanker Protest by The Boeing Company. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from Verkuil, R. (2007). Outsourcing Sovereignty: Why Privatization of Government Functions Threatens Democracy and what We Can Do about it. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Florence Kelley

Florence Kelley (1859 – 1932) Florence Kelley, A Woman of Fierce Fidelity Florence Kelley is considered one of the great contributors to the social rights of workers, particularly women and children. She is best known as a prominent Progressive social reformer known for her role in helping to improve social conditions of the twentieth century. She has been described as a woman of fierce fidelity (Goldmark, 1953). Kelley was a leading voice in the labor, suffragette, children’s and civil rights movements. She was also a well-educated and successful woman, a rare combination during the turn of the twentieth century.Kelley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 12, 1859 to Quaker parents, William Darrah Kelley and his second wife, Caroline Bartram. Her father was a self-educated man who left his business to become an abolitionist, a judge and an activist for a number of political and social reforms. Kelley had two brothers and five sisters; however, all five s isters died in childhood. The childhood memory of the deaths of her five sisters influenced Kelley’s lifelong fight for government funds for maternal and child health services.The political climate during the life of Kelley and the influences of her family, education, travels and friendships contributed to her commitment to social reform. It was these influences that led this determined woman to have a profound impact on the quality of life for many individuals during her life and thereafter. Let’s examine these influences in more detail for a better understanding of this remarkable woman and reformer. Kelley had the good fortune to grow up in a progressive, cultured and affluent family. It was a family actively devoted to social reform and this devotion influenced Kelley.She was educated at home for most of her childhood due to being sickly as a child. Her father taught her to read at age seven and made his extensive library available to her. Her father also influence d her social conscience by taking the young Florence with him as he toured factories where young boys worked to help manufacture steel and glass. Kelley begins her autobiography by describing her father as a â€Å"companionship which has enriched my whole life† and credited him with encouraging her interest in public life. (Kelley, 1926).It was on the factory tours with her father that Kelley first witnessed the horrendous conditions and danger that children were forced to work under. She often stated that through this experience, she developed her enthusiasm to advocate for child labor reform. While still a young woman, Kelley wrote, â€Å"We that are strong, let us bear the infirmities of the weak. † (Sklar, 2009). At the encouragement of her father, in September 1876, at the age of seventeen, Kelley entered Cornell University, College of Arts and Sciences.After completing her studies at Cornell, Kelley attended the University of Zurich the first European university open to women where she studied politics, economics and law. While in Europe, Kelley formed friendships with people that embraced the teachings of socialism. It was during this time that Kelley began translating the works of known socialists, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Her translation of Engels â€Å"The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844† was published by New York Socialists in 1887.In 1884, while attending the University of Zurich, Kelley met and married Lazare Wischnewetzky, a Russian medical student and member of the socialist party. Kelley and her husband moved to New York City in 1886. Her husband was abusive, and, in 1889 Kelley left her husband and moved to Chicago with her three young children. The marriage ended in divorce in 1891. It was in Chicago that Kelley turned to the study of social conditions taking a special interest in women and children. Florence boarded her three children while she became a resident of the Hull House with Jane Addams and other female social reformers.The Hull House was a settlement house established to ease the suffering of the urban poor, improve unfair and dangerous working conditions and reform government to protect workers. Settlement houses were created to help the urban poor and to assist college educated women to find meaningful employment and to professionalize the social sciences of Sociology and Social Work through collecting statistics, reports and photographs. At the turn of the century, many Americans hoped to improve society for the better. These reform-minded citizens were called Progressives.Kelley was among the Chicago women of her class that strongly believed that they belonged in the public arena calling attention to the working conditions of children and women, social injustice and democracy for all. These Progressives wanted to use the government as an agency of reform and they believed grassroots efforts at the local level would spread to the state and then national level. They embraced strong efforts to address the corruption of government and to make government more efficient. Kelley and the women of the Hull House actively campaigned for civil rights, children’s health and welfare and prohibition.During her years of work at the Hull House, Kelley participated in the documentation of urban poverty. Kelley pioneered the use of scientific data to influence the decision of the U. S. Supreme Court. (Goldmark, 1953). In 1892, Kelley was hired by the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics to investigate the sweat shop activity in the garment industry. In this position, Kelley was responsible for providing the numerical evidence that led to state legislation mandating an eight-hour work day for women and children. The law, enacted in 1894, was repealed the following year under pressure from the Illinois Association of Manufacturers.Kelley held the position with the Illinois Bureau of Labor and Statistics until 1897 when she was appointed the first wom an Chief Factory Inspector by Illinois Governor John P. Atlgeld. Kelley was very successful in recruiting people to socialism. She told Friedrich Engels: â€Å"We have a colony of efficient and intelligent women living in a working men’s quarter with the house used for all sorts of purposes by about a thousand persons a week. The last form of its activity is the formation of unions of which we have three, the clock-makers, the shift-makers,, and the book-binders.Next week we are to take the initiative in the systematic endeavor to clean out the sweating dens. The Trade assembly is paying the expenses of weekly mass meetings; and the sanitary authorities are emphasizing the impossibility of their coping, unaided, with the task allotted to them. † Kelley’s frustration with the repeal of the eight-hour work day law for women and children and the difficulty in prosecuting the sweat shop cases influenced her to enroll at Northwestern University where she earned a law degree in 1894.In 1899, Kelley returned to New York to assume the leadership of the National Consumers’ League, an organization created to use the purchasing power of the consumer to support firms with good labor practices. She remained with this organization for over thirty years. In this role, Kelley, pioneered the use of white labels on clothing to certify garments had been produced without child labor and within the parameters of the legislation regulating factory work. During her time with the Consumer’s League, Kelley traveled extensively, speaking to various rganizations and was responsible for organizing sixty different leagues in twenty different states, plus two international conferences. Kelley played a prominent role in federal legislation for child labor minimum wages. A strong supporter of women’s suffrage and African American civil rights, Kelley helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Women†™s International League for Peace and Freedom. In September 1905, Kelley joined Upton Sinclair and Jack London to form the Intercollegiate Socialist Society.Its stated purpose was to â€Å"throw light on the world-wide movement of industrial democracy known as socialism. † Kelley spent the next several years as a frequent speaker on American campuses. She recruited Frances Perkins, a student to the cause and Perkins is the person responsible for bringing an end to child labor in America. Kelley wrote several books including Some Ethical Gains Through Legislation (1905), Modern Industry in Relation to the Family (1914), The Supreme Court and Minimum Wage Legislation (1925) and Autobiography (1927).Kelley also helped establish what became known as the â€Å"Brandeis brief† (named for Justice Louis D. Brandeis), a process of integrating facts and experiences in legal action to demonstrate the need for changing laws according to human realities. Florence Kelley died in G ermantown on February 17, 1932 after a long illness at the age of seventy-three. Kelley was a fascinating woman that dedicated herself to serving the victims of industrial capitalism. She is among the founders of the U. S. welfare system and is considered not only a powerful woman for social justice but also a representative of women’s empowerment.Kelley is quoted as saying, â€Å"In order to be rated as good as a good man in the field of her earnings, a woman must show herself better than he. She must be more steady, or more trustworthy, or more skilled, or more cheap in order to have the same chance of employment. † It is easy to conclude that Florence Kelley was ahead of her time in her ideas and approach to social reform. She laid the groundwork for many social programs that were not implemented until after her death. Her many accomplishments have contributed to an awareness of the rights of children and the working class in America.

Bone Collector Questions

A crime scene investigator might indicate the scale of evidence in photos by using common tools like cigarette packs, ballpoint pens, or car keys as points of reference. They also use rulers, probably for measuring. 2. Sketches of the scene are Important because they show the relationship of each item of evidence to other Items/the body. Photos offer more detail than a video. A sketch artist might note a specific detail that might not be seen that will help find the suspect In a crime; also, sketches provide the exact graphic coordinates of an Item. Ata minimum, areas that a crime scene will include are the exact spot where the offense took place, areas from which the site can be entered, exited, or escaped, and locations of key pieces of evidence. 4. Math skills relate to crime scene Investigations because In both, thinking Is Involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or In this case, the suspect. Also, Investigators look at all pieces of evidence In a crime scene, an d we as students look at all the clues In a word problem when we try to figure It out.For example, an Investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y. Or, might use trigonometry for finding out angles, like how wide the door was open when the suspect escaped. 5. Math is important. 1. In photographs, how might a crime scene investigator indicate the scale of evidence found? A crime scene investigator might indicate the scale of evidence in photos by using common tools like cigarette packs, ballpoint pens, or car keys as points of reference.They also use rulers, probably for measuring. 2. Why is it important to create sketches of a scene (instead of using only photos and video)? What might a sketch artist note? Sketches of the scene are important because they show the relationship of each item of evidence to other items/the body. Photos offer more detail than a video. A sketch artist might note a specific detail tha t might not be seen that will help find the suspect in a crime; also, sketches provide the exact graphic coordinates of an item. . Ata minimum, what areas does a crime scene include? At a minimum, areas that a crime scene will include are the exact spot where the offense took place, areas from which the site can be entered, exited, or escaped, and locations of key pieces of evidence. 4. How do you think math skills relate to crime scene investigation? How might an investigator use geometry and math skills? Give examples.Math skills relate to crime scene Investigations because in both, thinking Is Involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or In this case, the suspect. Also, Investigators look at all pieces of evidence In a crime scene, and we as students look at all the clues in a word problem when we try to figure It out. For example, an Investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y.Or, heshe migh t use trigonometry for finding out angles, Like how wide the door was open when the suspect escaped. Bone Collector Questions By Beaujolais important because they show the relationship of each item of evidence to other items/the body. Photos offer more detail than a video. A sketch artist might note a specific detail that might not be seen that will help find the suspect in a crime; also, ketches provide the exact graphic coordinates of an item. 3. Ata minimum, areas evidence. 4.Math skills relate to crime scene investigations because in both, thinking is involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or in this case, the suspect. Also, investigators look at all pieces of evidence in a crime scene, and we as students look at all the clues in a word problem when we try to figure it out. For example, an investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y. Or, heshe might use trigonometry for examples.Math skil ls relate to crime scene investigations because in both, thinking is involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or in this case, the suspect. Also, investigators look at all pieces of evidence in a crime scene, and we as students look at all the clues in a word problem when we try to figure it out. For example, an investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y. Or, hexes might use trigonometry for finding out angles, like how wide the door was open when the suspect escaped.

Utube Video - Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Utube Video - Reflection - Essay Example Unlike Mr. Bennet though, I never bring myself to admit that in public. Rather, it is a distance that i allow to fester until it destroys the relationship I have with the family member. Now I realize that it is never a bad thing to admit guilt for it can help to build or rebuild relationships instead. I am happy that I heard his message. It has helped me to change my outlook in life. Jamaica Orsorio speaks of how the immigrants of America have forgotten their homeland roots so much that they no longer even recall their parents original names. She speaks of the pain of losing ones heritage forever as the immigrant becomes more Americanized in look and language. With their adaptation of the American way of life, their roots shall die because no one shall be left to remember how their race once lived. Immigrants are people who come to the United States for a better life. Unfortunately, the better life means having to let go of their past. Ignoring their heritage and adapting the new one for their benefit. As I listened to Ms. Orsorios words, I could not help but wonder about how her message did not apply merely to her race, but to all the immigrants living in the United States. Heritages die out because of the Americanization of immigrant families. It makes me wonder if their immersion into the American way of life is a bad or good thing. After all, culture and heritage are the ways by which civilizations continue to grow and evolve. Once people forget their roots, their culture and heritage dies. I am quite sad as I sit here imagining a world with with only culture and heritage which is what will happen to the United States as the immigrant families continue to adapt to the American way of life. However, maybe, just maybe, it is a necessary evil that in turn helps the American w ay of life

Human Resource Management in International Organizations Essay

Human Resource Management in International Organizations - Essay Example In fact now a debate has started whether the concept of 'managing diversity; forms an alternative to 'equal opportunities' based on gender bias. In the UK, human resource practitioners and academics alike are becoming more aware of the emergence of managing diversity. There is now a view that, after twenty years of the ' stick' of legal compliance (which has achieved little), the 'carrot' of underpinning the business case for equal opportunities will perhaps achieve more (Dickens 1994). Thomas1 (2000) argues that, with the growing number of mergers and acquisitions, workforce diversity will become more of a priority for organizations and, therefore, in the future, people will become clearer on what diversity is and how to manage it. The business case for managing diversity therefore offers a way to operate equal opportunities as a strategic issue, a core value linked to organizational competitiveness (Dickens 1994). Diversity not only comes in the form of culture and values, but it also consists of several other visible and non-visible factors, which include personal characteristics such as sex, race, age, background, culture, disability, personality and work-style. Harnessing these differences is bound to create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued, their talents are fully utilized and organizational goals are met. Therefore, the way to place this on the corporate agenda is to see the concepts as providing both tangible as well as intangible benefits, besides being socially and morally right. Considering these factors, the underlying philosophy of managing diversity tends to imply that an organization can gain massive competitive advantage, resulting in enhanced performance with the help of a satisfied human capital. It rests on the premise that the organization will be able to serve increasingly diverse customers, meet increasingly complex business and management problems by actively seeking and managing a diverse workforce (Stephenson and Lewis 1996; Cox 1991). In the era of globalization, when MNCs prefer to take advantage of multi-location facilities, lower costs of production, expertise from the world over, diversity is bound to be there at the workplace. It is for the organization to manage the diversity by recognizing, appreciating, valuing, encouraging and utilizing the unique talents and contributions of individuals from across a wider spectrum of society. But circumstances sometimes create peculiar conditions which brings to the fore the inherent weaknesses prevalent in our society. There are rules and regulations which provide broad guidelines for keeping a delicate balance in dealing with such matters so that mutual harmony is maintained amongst the workforce. The guiding principle behind this thought is that the world is a rich and diverse place, full of interesting cultures and people who should be treated with respect. Skirmishes arising out of 'discriminatory' behavior often result in tensions amongst colleagues. Though there are federal laws in place, but it is the human character and nature which has to

State of personal indebtedness in Canada. You may focus on student Research Paper

State of personal indebtedness in Canada. You may focus on student debt or the society as a whole - Research Paper Example Recent figures suggest that the current level of personal debt in Canada is on the highest level for the past 8 years. The average non-mortgage personal loan of a Canadian is approximately $26,221 in the second quarter of 2012 suggesting that the overall debt levels are on the rise. (Johnson, 2012) There can be various reasons for this including the general trends and preferences of the consumers as well as the ability of Canadian banks to remain profitable and continue to supply consumer debt despite the fact that overall global scenario may not be encouraging. These trends are considered as troublesome as persistently high levels of personal debts can actually create serious consequences for the economy as a whole. This paper will discuss about the personal debt in Canadian society as a whole and will discuss the concerns as well as solutions for it. Personal Debt in Canada The recent trends of personal debt in Canadian society as a whole have been alarmingly high. The current aver age debt level in the second quarter of 2012 stood at $26,221 higher by $192 from the previous quarter. This figure is also considered as the highest during the last eight years since Credit Bureau actually started to track the personal debt levels. (Johnson, 2012) Studies have shown that debt to income ratio is on the rise as well as the debt-to total assets is on the rise too. These trends indicate that more and more portion of consumers’ income is taken by the debt and higher debt payments can actually reduce the disposable income for the individuals. Average annual growth rate of household debt in Canada grew by 7.4% in nominal terms and 5.3% in real terms during 2000-2011. Such consistent level of increase in household debt has actually put personal debt at the level which may not be sustainable for consumers in the long run. It is also important to note that this rise in the consumer debt is mostly in the non-mortgage debt class and is also secured against the household items. Such characteristics of the personal debt may therefore create significantly more economic consequences for the households. (Crawford & Faruqui, 2012) It has been suggested that such high level of personal debts can actually put Canadians at more vulnerability towards the economic shocks as any adverse change in employment dynamics can put lot of stress on the disposal income of the consumers. Sharp decline in home values as well as increase in interest rates as well as relatively higher level of unemployment can put individuals at more risk considering the current levels of debt in the country. (Chawla & Uppal, 2012) IMF has also shown its reservations over the higher levels of personal debt in Canadian economy and indicated that higher levels of personal debt can actually reduce the economic growth of the country. IMF has even cut its economic forecasts for Canada owing to higher personal as well as mortgage loans and suggested that higher debt levels at consumer level can actually create more risk for the economy as a whole. (BABAD, 2012) Some data indicates that this trend is on the rise across all ages and there are different factors which are actually at play causing the consistent rise in the personal debt levels. It has also been suggested that the persistent increase in the level of income as well as low interest rates have also contributed towards these trends. Some theoretical

The impact of our race and ethnicity on our identity Essay

The impact of our race and ethnicity on our identity - Essay Example As Peter Schuck and Rogers Smith argue, American citizenship has never been exclusively "consensual." There has always been an interpretive imbalance between John Locke's "individualistic liberalism," which has been the attributed conceptual cornerstone of the American Revolution, and the less-acknowledged influence of "Atlantic republicanism" that underlies that of an American empire. Zora Neale Hurston developed into an avid reader and an attentive listener, a fan of myth, legend, and local lore. In Eatonville, where everyone is some shade of black, Zora is no different from anyone else. The white people she meets in Eatonville differ from her only insofar as they do not live there. As Barbara Johnson points out, the Zora of Eatonville disappears in Jacksonville and becomes a colored girl. "The acquisition of color is a loss of identity," Johnson writes. Moreover, color seems not to be "fixed" but a "function of motion" from Eatonville to Jacksonville. Although Johnson is writing primarily about How It Feels to Be Colored Me, published in 1928, her comments are equally valid for Dust Tracks, since Hurston reuses, revising only slightly, many of the same passages from her earlier work. Hurston's sense of separation from her warm and safe familial life and her subsequent departure from Eatonville to Jacksonville begin a lifetime of wandering from and returning to her roots. Although Zora returns to Eatonville after her father's second marriage, she is never able to return to her mother's home; it has become simply a house. Zora's knock-down, drag-out fight with her stepmother, whom she never forgives for usurping her mother's place, emphasizes Hurston's displacement from her home and family. In one sense, however, her alienation precipitates her journey from Eatonville to Washington, D.C., and later to New York City to gain education and a better life. This journey echoes that of many Negroes who moved from the black belt of the South to the North. Hurston's journey repeats in a way the migration by slaves to gain life and freedom, followed by subsequent migrations made by Blacks to find work in northern factories and to improve life for themselves and their children. The plot development of Hurston's autobiography, then, owes much to a black tradition, going back to slave narratives and to early black autobiographies. The toll of substance use and abuse among black males, noted by social scientists since the earliest decades of this century, continues to waylay many men's struggle to effectively parent. Over a decade ago, Robert Staples explained that among black people, abuse of both drugs and alcohol are a product of an exploitative economy that offers minimum wages, little employment, and a lack of educational opportunities. Since then, the economy has become more distressing for working-class and poor black Americans, and these men's accounts seem to confirm Staples' analysis. For many black men, he argued, substance use and

Define plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Define plagiarism - Essay Example Instead of working hard in the library by reading books, or taking notes, one may get tempted to just search the Internet and copy information verbatim. This ‘cut and paste’ culture is to be condemned. Plagiarism can indeed be considered as "theft of intellectual property† because just like how the theft of physical property is an offence, borrowing a person’s work without acknowledgment is like theft. After all, a lot of mental effort and time would have gone into the original work. The least one can do is to properly acknowledge it. 1. Deliberate plagiarism is deliberately using another person’s work without any credit to the original work. It includes ‘cut and paste’ directly from a source, paying someone else to write the assignment etc (Study & Learning Centre, 2005). Deliberate plagiarism can be avoided by planning well ahead of the assignment, meticulously noting the sources, making rough drafts, having a proper communication with the tutor (Lehigh University, 2006), and avoiding the temptation of using another writer etc. 2. A citation is required whenever an â€Å"idea, quote (written or spoken), data, image or other content that is not yours unless it is common knowledge† (The Pennsylvania State University, 2007) is used. 3. If exact words or phrases are used, then they must be used within quotations. Only essential words or phrases must be quoted; entire paragraphs need not be quoted. The authors name must be mentioned in the quoted sentence (Stolley,

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Global warming - Research Paper Example The high increase in temperatures has resulted in global warming, which has negatively affected the environment. Goldstein (2009) reports that the earth’s surface has experienced about 0.8% rise in temperature since 20th century. A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 projected that the earth’s surface temperatures could increase from 1.1 to 2.9 oC in the 21st century (Goldstein, 2009). The increase is also expected to continue unless something is done to stop activities perceived to cause global warming. A report by the BBC also indicated that the world would be six and a half degrees warmer than it is today by the time a child born today reaches 80 years. Global warming has mainly been blamed on human activities taking place all over the world. However, many researchers have demonstrated that global warming is the result of greenhouse emissions into the environment. In this regard, scientists have shown that global warming occurs due to carbon emissions released into the environment, which blocks the ozone layer thereby preventing the sun’s light and heat from reaching the earth’s surface, notes Goldstein (2009). ... Research indicates that many countries in the world currently depend on fossil fuels as the main energy source. In fact, Victor (2011) reveals that more than 90% of energy all over the world currently comes from fossil fuel. According to Victor, the negative impacts of global warming are already being felt on the earth today. The impacts include persistent bush fires, glacial movements, perennial drought, flooding, typhoons and rising sea levels just to name but a few. However, since global warming is the direct result of human activities, it is viewed in an ethical angle. It is unethical for human beings to engage in activities that promote global warming. This is based on the fact that the consequences of global warming stretches beyond the good purposes for which the activities are meant. This paper will explain why I consider activities promoting global warming as being unethical. Global warming is indeed causing havoc in the world over. Its impacts are adversely affecting all na ture-human beings, oceans, forests, farms, mountains, and coasts among others. According to Fern (2003), the global warming caused by greenhouse emissions is a direct result of human activities such as burning of charcoals, industrialization, farming, the use of fossil fuel and other activities that release carbon into the atmosphere. Ethically, the most fundamental question we are often confronted with concerning particular environmental ethics pertains to the obligations we have regarded the natural environment (Keller, 2010). In this regard, if the conviction regarding the obligation is that we as human beings will suffer as a result of the failure to act appropriately, then this is regarded â€Å"anthropocentric,† which

Commercial Banks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Commercial Banks - Research Paper Example The bank is regulated and authorized to run its operations by the Financial Services Authority. The employees adhere to rules and principles that are stipulated under the Banking Act. The bank is listed in the London, New York and Tokyo Stock Exchanges .Its headquarters are based at One Churchlike place in the Canary Wharf in the London's Docklands. It has several branches in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. The institution has been involved in corporate social responsibilities such as the campaign program known as the Prince Rainforest Project (PRP).The programs is aimed at creating awareness of company's products to the community and the society at large. The campaign involves building of the online community program to stop deforestation activities from taking place. It is a financial institution that offers financial services to the customers in the market. It is considered to be main market in United Kingdom. The services that are offered by the bank include; wealth management, retail banking, insurance, investment, wholesale and international banking services for its customers. It has a well established network in United Kingdom that helps in leveraging so as to be in a position to gain from more selling opportunities that are in the market (Lloyds TSB Group plc 2009). It consists of telephone services that are... It also has a very large cash machine network that aids it undertaking its tasks in the right way. The management of the company purchased several banks such as Governors House Apartment of the park Lane properties. The park Lane Properties was co-owed by a Kuwait-based ADDEEM Investment company and the Investment Bar. The reason for purchasing the property was to ease the process of accessing very vital information and to undertake analysis of the company's reports so as to be in a better position to understand the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It has an agricultural account that helps its clients in offering personnal, local and support services that are aimed at meeting the needs of the customers in the right way. The account also assists the customers in enabling them to access electronic mail services as well as telephone services in an effective manner. Marketing share of Barclays PLC The share prices of this company were actually had fallen by 40% as at 10th May 2009.This resulted from investors lack of confidence in the company's products ,therefore people purchased their products . Barclays bank Share prices 2008 2007 2006 Basic earnings per share 59.3 68.9 71.9 Diluted earnings per share 57.5 66.7 69.8 Marketing share of Lloyds TSB The shares of this company were been bought and sold in the international markets and United Kingdom through using the online and phone forms of communications. The demand for shares also declined due to financial problems that were facing the country. The earnings of the company were to be distributed to the shareholders in form of dividend which

SAM 342 UNIT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 342 UNIT 1 - Essay Example They do this through the draft rules, where NBA teams seek amateur college students to join their teams. They are later trained to become professional basketball players. The National Basketball Association is the authority that forms, and enforces these rules. The worst club gets the first choice in picking raw talent. Players pass through rigorous interviews and fitness tests, before admission to a basketball team. Clubs offer huge salaries, allowances and financial endorsements to sustain these players (Chellandurai, 1999). This motivates them, and improves their performance, ensuring loyalty to the club. Footballers such as David Beckham are rich and famous due to the sustainable programs by sports organization. These organizations change the attitudes of their players through the mindset. To enhance good performance, a player needs confidence. Sports and recreational organizations install this virtue through various programs and peer education seminars (Chelladurai, 1999). They hire psychologists to talk to employers, building their confidence level, both at the sports arena, and outside the sports

Mechanical Engineering and Agriculture Essay Example for Free

Mechanical Engineering and Agriculture Essay Engineering is a rapidly developing career field. There are many reasons why I would like to become an engineer. I am interested in SIUE’s Mechanical Engineering program. Mechanical Engineering is an exciting career field. In my youth, I was constantly designing and building an assortment of contraptions out of LEGO’s and K’NEX pieces. These objects included rollercoasters, cars, buildings, tractors, and many other machines. Growing up on a farm, I have always been interested in agriculture. There are many reasons why I’m interested in the Mechanical Engineering program at SIUE. This program offers many challenges to its students while providing them with numerous opportunities to design and build many machines and devices. I have three cousins who are engineers. One of my cousins is a civil engineer, and the other two are mechanical engineers. The first mechanical engineer designs air ducts for commercial buildings. The second designs plastic containers for a variety of companies. While these are not related to my career interest, it shows the broad amount of jobs available to a mechanical engineer. This is another reason why this program interests me. In today’s economy, knowing there’s about a ten percent unemployment rate, the ability to have a very wide range set of skills is nearly a necessity. While building small toys out of plastic pieces is much different than designing the next rollercoaster, it is how I originally gained so much interest in engineering. At the age of seven, I received a rollercoaster K’NEX set for Christmas. We opened presents at about nine on Christmas Eve. By the time we were done, it was almost ten. I stayed up building the roller coaster and finished in about an hour and a half. The design was not very complex; however, it was taller than me at the time. I also built as many cars as possible out of my LEGO’s. The fact that it was always interesting, and still is, is the main reason why I am interested in engineering. Agriculture has had a major influence on my life. I live on a farm, and many people know the ups and downs of farm life. The fact that this career could give me the ability to work at a company like John Deere or Caterpillar is very exciting. Once I graduate, I plan to work in an agriculture related field. I have grown up around it and want to see the look on my dad’s face when I design him a better tractor or combine. The salary that comes with these jobs is also a bonus since I’m used to money being short at times. Engineering is one of the most interesting and broadest career fields today. I am very interested in Mechanical Engineering at SIUE. Whether I was building K’NEX rollercoasters or LEGO cars, I have been building since my youth. Growing up on a farm has given me background for my career interests and has been an important factor in choosing my major

Methods of Analyzing Data in Data Warehouse

Methods of Analyzing Data in Data Warehouse Data Mining methods for Customer Relationaship Management Abstract-Data warehousing and data mining, applied to Customer Relationship Management (CRM), are a relatively fresh sector for organizations considering their immense advantage. Through data mining, organizations can identify key customers, predict future behaviors and take proactive and knowledge driven decisions. In this article, we discuss few data mining techniques for various CRM activities. Keywords- Customer relationship management (CRM); Data mining The crucial element of any successfull business is value creation for a customer. CRM basically tries to pull in, maintain and manage customers. Business intelligence analyses and interprets large amounts of customer data to provide organizations with practical information which can be used to devise strategies for improvement and growth. The ease of data collection in todays world coupled with the low cost of maintaining a data warehouse has increased the accessibility of huge customer data. Data mining has become a backbone for CRM activities. Few years back, data analysis was linked with expensive computing and complicated logic which only mathematicians could understand but this has changed now due to the availability of user friendly desktop tools. Data mining has become a backbone for CRM activities. Data mining and data analysis methods when used properly help to better all CRM phases. In order to retain important customers and to continue to provide the best customer satisfaction, availability of timely and actionable information is very critical. Such information plays a key role in facilitating smart organizational decisions which enables in creating better value for the customer. For maintaining a successful CRM strategy, investments in the understanding of data mining techniques is crucial.ÂÂ   This paper would try and mention some of the data mining techniques for optimization of CRM activities and also to find which technique is important. Pulling in new customers, minimizing defection by important customers and enhancing the experience of existing customers are the key aspects which an effective CRM business strategy assists with. .This article mentions some of the data mining techniques for optimizing CRM activities. A. Content analysis for identifying the right customer The method of deciding on the units of analysis based on the direction of the study is known as content analysis. The conceptÂÂ   of computable and specifiable, categories are defined which help in grouping the processed units of data, quantify and analyze the samples. Content analysis is often used on various advertisements styles, in email communications and on social media. The figure below shows information flow from data collection to useable knowledge. Figure: Knowledge discovery process. [2] First step applies pre-established rules to select data and categorize them into relevant groups. Next step is to clean up and reorder data by disposing off unnecessary information, to establish record-keeping formats and for the purpose of maintaining the integrity and consistency of data which helps in the construction a data platform. The organised data is refined further by grouping into related subjects using data transformation methods. Models and interconnections are developed after analysis which in turn help with decision support. This data when applied to a companies unstructured data is used to find the core (right) customer which in turn helps in planning efficient business strategies and providing appropriate customer service to different customers. B. Mining Customer behavioural changes In an ever changing business environment, trying to analyse customer behaviour is very helpful. Customer, transaction and product databases can be used for change mining. Below figure shows the flow of change mining. Fig. 2. Flowchart for mining changes in customer behavior. [3] Generally some usefull information is concealed in the huge amount of raw data and this needs to be extracted using data transformation. Customer and transaction databases can be used to analyse customer behaviour by using data integration and transformation. As per the figure above, customer, product and transaction databases are used to analyse the customer behavioural variables: Recency, Frequency, Monetary (RFM). Recency represents most recent transaction time, frequency is the number of purchases during a certain period and monetary isÂÂ   the standard amount of expenditure. The attributes, frequency and monetary, are used to segment the customer into different categories namely: Uncertain, Frequent, Spender, Best. The Recency variable can be combined with the above study to develop a target market. Association rules are used for mining customer behaviour by analyzing the relationship of products purchased by a customer in retail stores. A classic application of association rules is the market basket analysis where products bought by a customer during a visit to the supermarket are analysed. This can be used to identify corelations between product purchase and customer profile represented by demographic variables. Customer behavioural data are most effective for generating predictive data which optimizes the CRM. The study of investigating change in customer behaviour is called change mining. Change mining looks at changing customer behaviour to develop some pointers which can be used to mathematically quantify the change in beahviour.ÂÂ   The output of all the above is analysed data which can be used to support efficient marketing. C. Learn and Usage model for Customer retention Loosing current customers to a rival company is termed as customer churn.ÂÂ   Finding better methods for customer retention is very crucial as acquiring new customers proves to be very expensive.This is two phase model: Learning and Usage. The learning phase constructs a churn model which tests and predicts the probablity of defection for a certain customer based on historic data. A policy model is also constructed which clusters the churners by grouping them based on notable attributes. These are then used for creating proper policies for individual groups. During the usage phase the churn model predicts if a certain customer would defect and when there are strong chances of defection, the policy model comes up with relevant policies to retain them. This method not only predicts churning but also helps in reducing it. The following figure shows the learner mode architecture: Fig3: Architecture for learning mode [5] During the learning mode the churn model learner is constructed using histiorical data of individual subscriber like loyalty history, deactivation data, payment history, usage patterns, etc. The churn model can be represented as a decision tree which is used to comment on the likelihood of a specific customer defecting based on their previous data. The policy model constructor is used to build retention strategies for potential churners. The policy model builds retention strategies in two steps, first step is to consult learned churn model to recognize the attributes which have strong relation to the churning and based on these attributes the churners are classified into diferent groups and labelled as per the most significant attribute. Second step is to analyse the significance of these attributes and reccomends policies for retaining the group of churners. In the usage phase the churner model is consulted to predict the chances of customer churn based on the customer data. If the churn probablity is more than 60% then it is considered that the customer has high chances of churning and so policy model proposes a policy response based on the attribute of the group to which the customer belongs for the purpose of retention. This journal reviews the literature concerned with data mining techniques and its applications in CRM. Considering the current competition in the market all organizations suffer from a lot of customer churn which results in huge losses as the cost for acquiring new customers is ten times more than that of retaining existing customers. Hence a lot of research has been made on customer retention. This is also evident from the number of reasearch papers submitted between the years 2000 2006 [1]. The area of customer retention definetly seems to be crucial and requires further research. Data mining methodologies help in providing better understanding of raw data and hence would always be one of the major areas to be researched upon in the futire. References E.W.T Ngai, Li Xiu and D.C.K Chau, Application of data mining techniques in customer relationship management Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, Issue 2, part 2, March 2009, pp. 2592 2602. C.W Chang, C.T Lin, L.Q Wang, Mining the text information to optimizing the customer relationship management, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36, Issue 2, Part 1, March 2009, pp. 1433-1443. Mu Chen Chen, Ai Lin Chiu, Hsu Hwa Chang, Mining changes in customer behavior in retail marketing, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 28 (2005), pp. 773-781 W. Buckinx, D.V.D. Poel, Customer base analysis: Partial defection of behaviorally-loyal clients in a non-contractual FMCG retail setting, European Journal of Operational Research, 164 (2005), pp. 252-268. Bong-Horng Chu, Ming Shian Tsai, Cheng Seen Ho, Towards a hybrid data mining model for customer retention, Knowledge-Based systems, Volume 20, Issue 8, December 2007, pp. 703-718 Y.L. Chen, K. Tang, R.J. Shen, Y.H. Hu, Market basket analysis in a multiple store environment, Decision Support Systems, 40 (2005), pp. 339-354. YangSeog Kim, W. Nick Street, An intelligent system for customer targeting: a data mining approach, Decision Support Systems, Volume 37, Issue 2, May 2004, pp. 215-228.

Cult Leaders And Their Abuse Of Power :: essays research papers

Cult leaders and their abuse of power Although power should be used with virtue by those with those with good intentions, many of the world's most powerful people use power in ways that purposefully harm other people, the most famous example of this case being Adolf Hitler during World War II. More generally, this includes some past (and present) members of the Royal families, some political leaders as well as a few religious leaders who have used their power to manipulate those lower than them in social status. An example of a power-abusing "religious" leader is Reverend Jim Jones who initiated a ritual suicide to protest racism and fascism. Although in his own mind he had food intentions, to save the world from the Armageddon, he was insane and in the overabundance of power, he was able to kill more than 900 people. It is unclear whether Jim Jones had committed suicide at the ritual or was shot by another, so it is uncertain to say that he had any intentions to die also. Although his protests were for good mo ral purposes, it was wrong of him to use his status as chairman of the Housing Authority and award receiver to gather extra followers to join the suicide. Here he had overstepped the line to abuse the power he was appointed by putting other people's lives at jeopardy. Being in his position, he was most likely aware that he had many supporters believing in him who would gladly follow his lead. It is at this point where he chose to abuse his power by taking advantage of the people who had the most respect and admiration for him. Charles Manson is an example of a cult leader who abused his power, however with intentions very unlike Jim Jones'. Charles Manson wanted revenge for all the wrong he had encountered which is much more selfish and very different from Jim Jones. Charles Manson had experienced a very bumpy childhood being the son of a teenage, bisexual, alcoholic prostitute. Being shuffled between homes of relatives and orphanages, it is not surprising to see that his criminal a ctivity sprouted from a very early age. Manson's incredibly charisma attracted many hippies and he managed to earn himself s reputation as god-like in the eyes of many beautiful girls. When Manson and his "Family" settled down in Spahn Ranch he was able to sleep with a different girl each night.

Software Maintenance Essay -- essays research papers

SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE Abstract A consequence of the widespread utilisation of computer based technology over the past few decades has been the emergence of vast, highly complex computer systems whose content and structure are increasingly resistant to modification and change.   However fallible such legacy systems remain, many are â€Å"mission-critical† whereby their failure may lead to the collapse of the business or industry in which they serve.   In such cases, it is ultimately not possible to decommission the system in question.   The present report investigates the nature of such systems and examines why legacy systems cause problems to Software Maintenance Managers?   This report also provides a brief overview as to how such problems can be minimised and controlled. Keywords: Legacy systems, legacy system migration, mission critical systems, re-engineering, software wrapping, software evolution. 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚   The literature describes legacy systems in terms of being an existing software application that is predominately within the maintenance phase of its lifecycle.   Such systems are typically old and heavily modified from their original designs by years of maintenance, usually by many different people [Moor00].   Although legacy systems are technically obsolete, having been written in assembly or early third generation languages such as COBAL Fortran and Coral, they generally represent considerable investment, and maintain significant value to their users [Benn95] [Brod95].   Ã‚  Ã‚   Legacy systems typically form the backbone of information flow within an organisation, and as such, are essential for the function of its business. Failure in these systems is likely to have serious consequences hence why legacy software is often considered of a â€Å"mission critical nature† [Benn95] [Bisb99]. As can be expected, systems of this nature pose a number of problems to the users, and to the Software Maintenance Manager responsible for the upkeep of the system.   Such problems range from the cost of maintenance to the utilisation of obsolete skills and technologies.   However, several solutions have been proposed and documented in the literature in response to, and to minimise, these problems.   Generally, they are classified under four categories: maintenance, re-development, wrapping and migration [Bisb99] [Lee97].   Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the remainder of this report is ... ...[Lien80] B.P. Lientz & B.E. Swanson, "Software Maintenance Management", Addison - Wesley, 1980 [Merl95] E. Merlo, P-Y. Gagne, J.K. Girard, K Kontagiannis & P. Panangaden, "Re-Engineering User Interfaces" IEEE Software Jan 1995, Vol 12 No 1 [Moor00] M.M. Moore, "Using MORPH", http://www.cis.gsu.edu/~mmoore/MORPH/dissertation/approach.html, 2000 [Nose90] J.T. Nosek, & P. Prashant "Software Maintenance Management: The Change in the Last 10 Years", Journal of Software Maintenance, 1999, Vol 2 No 3 [Press01] R.S. Pressnam, "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach" McGraw Hill, 2001 [Somm01] Sommerville, "Software Engineering", Addison - Wesley, 2001. [Weid97] N. Weiderman, L. Northrop, D.Smith, S.Tilley & K. Wallnau, "Implications of Distributed Object Technology for Re-engineering", Technical Report CMU/SEI-97-TR-005, Carnegie Mellon University, June 1997

Rape on College Campuses :: Sexual Violence Crimes Essays

Rape on College Campuses Nicole Johnson*, a 22-year-old senior at an area university looks back at her college experience as graduation approaches, generally happy with how everything turned out, however, a dark cloud still looms over her freshman year when she was raped. â€Å"I went to a party with a few girls I just met,† Nicole recalls. â€Å"I had two beers and felt really drunk and could barely stand up.† After lying down in an empty room in the apartment, Nicole only remembers the moment she woke up. â€Å"I passed out and when I woke up there was a guy having sex with me. I woke up in the middle of it.† Johnson has become a statistic. In America, 1.3 women are raped every minute, 78 every hour, 56,160 every month, and approximently 683,280 women will be sexually assaulted by the end of this year. The attacker could be a perfect stranger or someone she knows, either way creating an emotionally damaging situation. Legally, one might wonder how sexual assault is defined. According to Massachusetts State law, there are two major categories of sexual assault against adults. One of these is rape, and the other is indecent assault and battery. Rape is defined as â€Å"sexual intercourse or unnatural sexual intercourse with a person and compels such person to submit by force and against his/her will, or compels such person to submit by threat of bodily injury.† Rape and attempted rape are punishable by up to 20 years in prison. The crime of indecent assault and battery occurs when an attacker, has non-consensual physical contact with a person in a sexual manner. This could be any unwarranted physical contact to a person’s private body. This assault is punishable to up to five years in prison. The majority of sexual assaults are committed against women between the ages of 15 and 25, making college-aged women the group with the highest vulnerability to being assaulted. In fact, according to Kelly Walker from campusspeak.com, and a sexual assault survivor, one in four women will be raped during their college experience. Furthermore, during one’s freshman year, they are at the highest risk time for assault, according to the Northeastern University Police Department. The Northeastern Police Department has their own web site with an extensive report on sexual assault and its statistics. In 1990, the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crimes Act was put into place.

Riordan Manufacturing Company: Review and Analysis

Riordan Manufacturing Company: Review and Analysis Jennah Es-Sudan, Monica Malcom, Annie Willis and Yeong Yoo University Of Phoenix BUS/430 December 1, 2009 Riordan Manufacturing Company Review and Analysis The focus of this paper is to analysis the regulatory measures of Riordan Manufacturing. Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding. With state-of-the art design capabilities, creating innovative plastic designs that have earned international acclaim. Attention to detail, extreme precision and enthusiastic quality control are the hallmarks of Riordan Manufacturing. With facilities in San Jose, California, Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan and Hangzhou, China, Riordan has the capacity to fulfill unique needs. Riordan Manufacturing is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise. The company decided to closed their plant in Michigan and open it in China. Opening this business in another country has advantages. Our team will also discuss unfair import laws, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, Patents, trademarks, and intellectual property, and environmental regulation and how they relate to doing business in China. Unfair Import Laws The government has assertively imposed our anti-dumping laws to fight unfair Chinese trade. † alleged Commerce Secretary Carlos M. Gutierrez. â€Å"China’s economy has developed to the point that we can add another trade remedy tool, such as the countervailing duty law. The China of today is not the China of years ago. Just as China has evolved, so has the range of our tools to make sure Americans are treated fairly. By acting on the petition filed last October, the United States today is signifying its continued pledge to leveling the playing field for American manufacturers, workers and farmers. Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA of 1977) Congress enacted the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (â€Å"FCPA† or â€Å"the Act†) in 1977 in reaction to the Watergate scandal. Widespread media coverage of unreported crusade assistance and potentially unlawful payments to strange officials encouraged the Securities and Exchange Commission (â€Å"SEC†) to begin an investigation. The SEC's investigation eventually exposed that more than 400 U. S. companies had paid bribes to foreign governments and politicians, totaling more than $300 million. An FCPA violation requires that action be taken with a corrupt intent. Corrupt means an evil motive of purpose, and intent to wrongfully influence the recipient of the payment or offer to misuse his official position or to influence someone else to do so. The act does not require the corrupt act to be a success; it just means that an attempt was made to influence an alien bureaucrat. China has made great efforts to combat essentials of bribery—through endorsement and enforcement of strict anti-bribery laws and penalties—it still remains a cause of concern in the China business market. For example, in 2005, 11,071 members of the Communist Party of China (â€Å"CPC†) were disqualified from the party as reprimanded for dishonesty. In addition, Chinese magistrates dealt with 120,000 cases of misappropriation, corruption, and negligence of duty over the past five years. Given the size and magnitude of China's market, these issues also cause alarm for U. S. companies doing business in China. Chinese and other overseas companies may make unlawful expenses in China with restricted risks, U. S. ompanies doing business in China may feel marketable stress to disobey the Act to avoid finding themselves at a aggressive difficulty to companies that are not subject to the same laws or similar enforcement. For this reason, U. S. companies operating in China need a solid FCPA compliance program to avoid action for FCPA violations and to avoid becoming knotted in China's domestic corruption and bribery laws. Patents, Trademarks, and Intellectual Property Companies try to cap ture the markets by issuing licensing permits for intellectual properties to increase profits for their business. These intellectual properties included patents and trademarks. Unfortunately, nations are still struggling to adopt a consistent international legal system that governs the intellectual property. They often have restrictions which includes geographical/and field use limitations and customer restriction. The Paris Convention is a guarantee that in each signatory country, foreign trademark and patent application from other signatory countries will receive the same treatment. According to United States Patent and Trademark Offices (2009) a patent for an invention is the grant of a property right to the inventor. There were problems and drawbacks with this particular agreement so in 1970 the patent cooperation Treaty was adopted. This particular agreement addresses the centralized utility patent application process (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2009). A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others United States Patent and Trademark (2009). Riordan Manufacturing makes plastic products in the United States and decided to move the plant that makes Pontiac products to China. This was a way to produce goods cheaper than in the United States and enter the market international. When making this move into the international market Riordan Manufacturing has trademarks on their plastic bottles and other plastic products that the Paris Convention would cover. Environmental Regulations Environmental regulations are guidelines that are in place to govern how matters that effect human life and environment handle. WTO rules a nation can require foreign producers to comply with environmental standards that are required by domestic firms (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2009). Riordan Manufacturing had to make sure that when moving their company from Michigan to China that the environmental regulations are followed. China has been working with great determination in recent years to develop, implement, and enforce a solid environmental law framework. Chinese officials face critical challenges in effectively implementing the laws, clarifying the roles of their national and provincial governments, and strengthening the operation of their legal system EPA- China Environmental Initiative (2009). Having a manufacturing company Riordan had to make sure that the plant that was being built was welcome in China and it adhered to the regulation guidelines. Riordan also had to follow the pollution regulation and the energy regulation. Production of their products was welcome and they learned the environmental regulation to take their business to China. Political Risks of Operating a MFG Company in China China has been one of desirable areas that any international companies would want to expand their business to. Its evolving economy, huge manufacturing base, enormous supply of natural resources are dangerously attractive, yet the expansion to this developing country comes with risks. The political risks in China Riordan Company should consider is that China is increasingly pressuring foreign investors to transfer technology to local producers, which could erode the patent protections and competitiveness of investors. Next fact that Riordan should consider is that as they focus on shifting growth from exports to domestic consumption, China’s leaders may withdraw tax benefits for foreign investors. Infrastructure bottlenecks and strong upward pressures on government-controlled electricity and fuel prices also create considerable uncertainty around manufacturing efficiency and operating expenses. Our initial decision to locate our China operations in Hangzhou was driven largely by the fact that our Chinese partners already had facilities there that should be able to handle all regulations and political surroundings. As a join venture partner, Riordan Company should understand sporadic fuel shortages and worsening urban gridlock inject ambiguity into forecasts for domestic auto demand growth. In short, low-cost manufacturing and vast potential domestic demand is offset by uncertainty in regulatory and infrastructure capacity. This makes China a potentially higher-risk, higher-reward investment destination. Riordan Company executive management also should outline framework for understanding how local political and market dynamics affect foreign ventures. China holds tremendous promise as a manufacturing centre and market, but management should remember are social, regulatory and energy issues around the next curve in the road. Political-risk analysis should have been processed to contemplate not just broad, easily observable trends but also the nuances of society and the quirks of personality that can affect a venture’s success. For Riordan Company to be successful in join venture in Hangzhou China Riordan must obtain professionally prepared political risk analysis giving current assessments and forecasts of future stability. They can also seek consulting firms, insurance industry reports, reports of U. S. government agencies, and informal discussions with experienced international bankers nd shipping company representatives. Outline of the Possibilities for Foreign Investment and Securities A company that operates in a foreign country has to comply with the laws of that country. As a rule international business causes great pressures for U. S. business managers. A projected high profit margin weighs little if local law prevents repatriation of profits to the foreign investor’s home jurisdict ion. Riordan Manufacturing made the decision to expand internationally for the following reasons. China attempts to encourage investments from foreign residents. The following are among the reasons that foreign investors are attracted to China: †¢ Extremely low labor costs. †¢ A tremendous buyers' market in China itself with a population of 1. 3 billion. †¢ An expectation of a sharp increase in the buying power of Chinese residents, a fact that is influenced by the annual GDP of over 8% per annum and the low rates of inflation. †¢ In recent years, Chinese laws concerning foreign investments have been significantly eased. The total FDI in China for 2006 totaled 63 billion dollars. Conclusion From the beginning of the nineties and particularly from 2001, when China joined the WTO, until the present, the attitude to foreign investment in China has changed, among other matters, foreign investors are permitted to form companies that are 100% owned by foreign capital. Sales to the local market are permitted and foreign investment is also allowed in sectors other than industry and hi-tech, such as banking, insurance, financial services, etc. As a result of joining the WTO, China is expected to standardize specific benefits that were previously granted only to overseas investors or only to Chinese companies. As a general rule, industries in China that are open to foreign investments are divided into 3 categories, an encouraged investment, a restricted investment and a prohibited investment. Foreign investors cannot invest in projects that are connected with the military and defense industries in China. There are also restrictions on 100% control of foreign investors over transport, the automobile industry and power stations. Benefits that China grants to foreign investors are not given in the form of grants. Most benefits are in the form of a tax benefit, including value added tax, customs and income tax benefits in putting the mphasis on an investment in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) or in special sectors and areas. The benefits granted are as previously approved according to the nature of the foreign investment. There are 5 SEZ's in China in the south of the country, the main tax benefits are: corporate tax of 15%. A benefit of â€Å"2 + 3 years â€Å"which means an exemption from ta x for the first two years and tax at the rate of 12. 5% for the next three years. Pudong Zone (Shanghai) In the Pudong zone there are 5 development zones specializing in hi-tech, financial services, agriculture and more. The benefits are similar to those granted to investors in an SEZ. References Schaffer, R. , Agusti, F. ,& Earle, B. (2009, 2005). International Business Law and Its Environment (7th Ed. ). Mason, Ohio: South-Western, Cengage Learning. World Wide- Tax& Finance (2009). China Foreign Investment Incentives. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from www. worlwide-tax. com/china/chi_invest. asp United States Patent and Trademark Office 2009. Definitions. Retrieved on November 30, 2009 from www. uspto. gov/ EPA- China Environment Law Initiative November 2009. Retrieved on November 30, 2009 from www. epa. gov/ogc/china/initiative_home. htm

Effects of Silane Based QAC on Hygienic Unifrom Fabrics

Consequence OF SILANE BASED QAC ON HYGIENIC UNIFORM FABRICS ; IT’S EFFICACY AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIUM BY BIO-BURDEN Trial Abstraction The demands for unvarying cloths are under different industrial environment, supplying attention, freshness, comfort and protection for the tegument. The survey besides saw types and consequence of bug every bit good as chemicals used to protect the unvarying cloths against their onslaught under the environment of different corporate industries, so they can populate in a more fresh and hygienic ambiance. The intervention withzycrobial( Silane based QAC ) besides improves the antimicrobic consequence of cotton, p/v and p/c cloth measured by BPB discoloration trial compared to untreated cloth.Zycrobialtreated aprons were exposed to different environment and evaluated by bio-burden trial which is new trial method in fabric testing. The treated aprons shows low bacterial tonss in different industrial environment compared to the untreated 1s. Cardinal Footings Uniform cloths, Antibacterial Efficacy, Bio-burden trial, Silane based QAC, Zycrobial, BPB trial. Introduction Fabric consumers all around the universe are now going much more cognizant of the hurtful effects, that microorganism may hold upon fabrics and up on human hygiene. Fabrics are one of the chief bacteriums transporting medium. Textile fibres provide the perfect platform for growing of micro-organisms. Even the different environments ( hot, humid, and cold ) lead to growing of different bacteriums. These bacteria/microbes on fabrics frequently result in staining, decolouring of the cloth and leads to bad smell1-6. In India, the usage of antimicrobic fabrics is become premier necessity due to the worm and humid clime. This is the most suited environment for the growing of micro-organisms. Clothing and fabric stuffs are the bearers of these micro-organisms such as infective bacteriums, odour bring forthing bacteriums and mould fungi, besides become good media for their growing7-10. Microbial infestation airss danger to both life and non life affairs. Obnoxious odor organize the interior garments such as socks, spread of diseases, staining and debasement of fabrics are some of the damaging effects of bad bugs. Though the usage of disinfectants have been known for the decennaries, it is merely in the recent twosome of old ages several efforts have been made on completing fabrics with antimicrobic compounds11-20. Antimicrobial coating is a recent invention in coatings. The consumers are now progressively cognizant of the hygienic life manner and there is a necessity and outlook for a broad scope of fabric merchandises finished with antimicrobic belongingss21-25. This finish prevents the growing of bacteriums and merchandises finished in it have been proved environment friendly and wellness protecting, forestalling diseases. It besides prevents garments from unpleasant smell26-36. Zycrobialis one of the merchandise ofZydex industries.Zycrobialis recollective, non flammable, non leachable, easy to use organo-functional silane based antibacterial. It provides lasting anti-bacterial and anti-odor coating and ensures freshness and comfort for the user. This recollective coating is covalent adhering to hydroxyl group ( in instance of cellulose fiber ) and/or by formation of permeating polymer concatenation around the surface of fibers ( in instance of man-made fiber ) .Zycrobialexpeditiously inhibits growing of bacteriums and thereby protects fabric merchandises from impairment and stain. It is for good fixed to the substrate by proper drying or hardening. It has user-friendly glycol as against methyl alcohol in other similar viing merchandises. It is eco friendly and safe for usage by human existences. The experimental program was based on application ofzycrobial( Antimicrobial agent ) on polyester/viscose, polyester/cotton blend and 100 % cotton cloth by pad–dry-cure method. The treated cloth was check silane based QAC compound presence by BPB ( Bromo Phenol Blue ) trial in footings of alteration in their microbiological activity. The efficaciousness of the intervention was besides evaluated for its efficaciousness against 30 wash harmonizing to the standard method. This omegaycrobialmerchandise was besides applied to industrial apron that is polyester/viscose blend uniform cloth by exhaust method. These aprons were exposed in different environment like milk industry, nutrient fabrication, infirmary, infective lab, etc. and collected after 3 to 6 yearss, eventually tested for its antibacterial efficiency by Bio-Burden Test. Materials Fabrics The three types of cloths were selected for unvarying cloths viz. , Polyester/Viscose ( P/V ) , Polyester/Cotton ( P/C ) blend and 100 % Cotton ( C ) . The item specifications for cloths are given in Table I. Table I.Specification of Assorted FabricsSr. No.TrialFabricsP/VP/CC1WeavePlainPlain2/1 Twill2Blend ( % )80/2067/33100 % C3GSM175.24119.57246.774EPI/ PPI58/50100/7678/535Count/Denier416/380161/15514.8/11.56Width ( centimeter )148.5921527Thickness ( millimeter )0.380.300.62Chemicals The antibacterial stuff was usedZycrobialmerchandise of Zydex industries limited, Vadodara. Looking to the environmental protocol today’s universe requires an eco-friendly and cost effectual manner to complete fabrics. Therefore in the present survey omegaycrobialas antibacterial coating agent was selected and this is eco-friendly in nature.Acetic acid( CH3COOH ) was used in thezycrobialintervention bath for keeping Acidic pH. TheR-77was supplied by zydex industries and used as pretreatment of all cloths withSodium carbonate( Sodium2Carbon monoxide3) . TheECEmention detergent was used for BS EN 26330:1994 domestic rinsing method. All chemicals used in this experiment were of analytical class and used without farther purification. Experimental methods Preparation of fabric cloths for intervention To take the coating and other hydrophobic drosss from all the three selected cloths. The cloths were treated with the bath incorporating 5 gpl non-ionic detergent ( R-77 ) and 2 gpl Na carbonate for 30 proceedingss at 800C temperature. The cloths were so washed exhaustively in running H2O, neutralized, washed once more in running H2O and eventually dried under shadiness. The pretreatment procedure was carried out in L.G. Direct Drive rinsing Machine. The pH of cloths was checked to impersonal before farther processing. Application of Zycrobial on Fabric by Embroidering Technique Application ofzycrobialon cloth was done by embroidering technique. In pad application, the cloth immersed in spirits contain needed sum of antimicrobic agent (zycrobial– 30 gpl ) and pass through the cushioning mangle at 2.5 kg/cm2force per unit area utilizing laboratory two bowl embroidering mangle. The cloth was later dried and cured at room temperature. Application of Zycrobial on Aprons by Exhaust Technique In exhaust application, the unvarying garments were treated with 3 % and 5 % ( owf )zycrobialfor 20 proceedingss at room temperature maintaining the Liquor ratio 1:10. The 5 % ( owf ) was done on infirmary and pathology lab aprons and 3 % ( owf ) for other aprons. The intervention was performed in rinsing machine utilizing exhaustion technique of application. Finally, the samples were dried at room temperature under shadiness. Washing procedure The lastingness of thezycrobialintervention was evaluated by BS EN 26330:1994 method utilizing domestic lavation procedure. The specimen was washed in an automatic domestic lavation machine by utilizing 1 gpl ECE detergent at 400C for 30 proceedingss and line dried at room temperature harmonizing to specified process. The procedure was repeated for 30 times utilizing the same process of rinsing. After 30 wash, the samples were tested for their efficaciousness by BPB trial. Evaluation of Treatment for Antibacterial Activity of Textiles Antibacterial efficiency of fabrics was measured by two methods:Bromo phenol blue method ( BPB-Stain Test )Bio-Burden TrialEvaluation of antimicrobic activity by BPB methods Testing of white or light- colored goods:Bromophonol Blue ( BPB ) solution of 0.025 % was prepared in distilled H2O ; few beads of saturated Na2Carbon monoxide3solution per 100 milliliter BPB solutions was add.10 milliliter of the solution was taken in beaker and the trial specimen was soaked in the solution for 20 mins. Finally the sample was rinsed in distilled H2O.The sample was observed for the blue discoloration and comparison against Bramophenol Blue colour trial graduated table.Evaluation of antibacterial efficiency by Bio-Burden trial Bio-burden is new trial method for proving antimicrobic activity of fabric. Bio-burden is usually defined as the figure of bacteriums populating on a surface ( Textile, Food, etc. ) that has non been sterilized. The term is most frequently used in the context of bio-burden testing, besides known as microbic bound testing, which is performed on pharmaceutical merchandises, medical merchandises and membrane filtration for quality control purposes. Merchandises or constituents used in the pharmaceutical or medical field require control of microbic degrees during processing and handling. Bio-burden or microbic bound proving on these merchandises proves that these demands have been met. The population of feasible micro-organisms ( bio-burden ) in a merchandise or on a merchandise surface is required to supervise a production procedure, be it for a medicative merchandise or a medical device. In most instances, with a medicative merchandise one is analyzing the merchandise straight, in which instance there is a demand to do certain there are no antimicrobic belongingss in the merchandise to impact the consequences. This is usually done by micro-organism recovery experiments. In the instance of medical devices there is the possibility that the extraction process may non take all the micro-organism from the device, thereby doing an underestimate of the existent bio-burden nowadays. These are based upon the standard ISO 11737:127-28. Bacteriological surveies of efficaciousness of the antibacterial activity on treated and untreated uniform garments after usage were following stairss:Two sets of treated and untreated aprons ( Shown in Table II ) were distributed for usage in different environmental scenes likeHospitalpathology research labMilk merchandise millFood processing unitGeneral Chemical Laboratory.Table II.Detailss of the aprons exposed in the different environmentSr.No.Treated/UntreatedDescription of EnvironmentDayss to Expose1TreatedDairy- ( Butter, Milk )6UntreatedDairy- ( Butter, Milk )62TreatedDairy- ( Paneer, Ice pick )6UntreatedDairy- ( Paneer, Ice pick )63TreatedRestaurant3UntreatedRestaurant34TreatedBakery3UntreatedBakery35TreatedGeneral Env. ( Zydex Lab )3UntreatedGeneral Env. ( Zydex Lab )36TreatedHospital6UntreatedHospital67TreatedPathology Lab6UntreatedPathology Lab6After usage for 3-6 yearss by the staff members in the several environments, the aprons were collected in unfertile polythene bag s and brought to the bacteriology lab.A portion of the apron stuff which is likely to be most open portion ( close to the pockets ) was cut 2 ten 2 centimeter under unfertile conditions.Each piece of the fabric was dipped individually into a unfertile trial tubing incorporating 2 ml alimentary broth solution.The tubings were so incubated at 37a? °c for 90 proceedingss.With the aid of nicrome cringle ( 4 mm diameter ) , a loop-full of peptone was placed on civilization media plates viz. , ( I ) Food agar ( two ) Blood agar and ( three ) MacConkey’s agar.The home bases were incubated aerobically at 37a? °C for over-night or 48 hours.The home bases were so examined for bacterial growing.The isolates were identified to a species degree by biochemical trials on an automated instrument ( Microscan walk off 41 ) .Consequences were so compared by numbering CFU ( colony organizing units- bacterial burden ) on treated and untreated fabric.Consequences and Discussion Antimicrobial Efficacy by Bromo Phenol Blue ( BPB – Stain ) Trial Table III shows thezycrobialefficiency of intervention on cloths. From the consequences, it can be seen that the samples treated withzycrobialexhibited good antimicrobic belongings compared to untreated samples as per BPB discoloration graduated table. Efficiency of the intervention was found decreased by increased in figure of rinsing rhythm. The consequence shown in Table III revels that after 30 wash, the deepness of bluish coloring material discoloration become lighter thanzycrobialtreated samples without wash. Further, the cotton samples withzycrobialintervention shows somewhat darker coloring material even after 30 washes. The treated samples shows darker blue discoloration compared to their untreated opposite number. Even after 30 washes the treated sample shows darker bluish discoloration compared to the untreated control sample. This consequence indicates that the efficiency ofzycrobialtreated samples retained antimicrobic belongings even after 30 wash. Table III.Zycrobialtreated and untreated cloths with 30 Time wash BPB Stain trial consequenceSr.No.TreatmentP/VP/CCotton1UntreatedI µ I µI µ I µI µ I µ230 gplzycrobial+ ++ ++ + +330 wash treated+++Efficiency ofZycrobialTreated Uniform by Bio-Burden Test The aprons (zycrobialtreated and Untreated ) were tested in Microbiology lab which exposed to different environment viz. , Dairy ( Butter and Milk subdivision for 6 yearss i.e. 3-3 yearss in each subdivision ) , Dairy ( Paneer and Ice-cream subdivision for 6 yearss i.e. 3-3 yearss in each subdivision ) , Restaurant ( for 3 yearss ) , Bakery ( for 3 yearss ) , General environment i.e in chemical lab ( for 3 yearss ) , Hospital ward ( for 6 yearss ) and pathology proving lab ( for 6 yearss ) . All aprons proving study are shown in table IV and table V. The tabular array IV study are shown in cfu/cm2which is convert to bacterial decrease in per centum comparison ofzycrobialtreated and untreated aprons in each environment shown in table V. InHospital environment, bacterial decrease was 100 % i.e. no settlement was found in omegaycrobialtreated apron but in untreated apron shownStaphylococcus( non-hemolytic, coagulase negative ) bacteria. Inpathology lab environment, bacterial decrease was 66.67 % . The settlement count inzycrobialtreated was 10,000 cfu/cm2holdingBacillus subtilisbacteria and untreated was 30,000 cfu/cm2foundStaphylococcus( non-hemolytic, coagulase negative ) andBacillus subtilisbacteria. Table IV.Bio-burden trial study for omegaycrobialtreated and untreated P/V uniforms exposed in different environmentSr. No.EnvironmentUntreated p/v unvarying consequence ( cfu/cm2)Treated p/v unvarying consequence ( cfu/cm2)1Dairy ( Butter and Milk )2?10402Dairy ( Paneer and Ice-cream )5?1041?1043Restaurant2?10404Bakery3.1?10405General Environment ( Chemical Lab )1?10206Hospital10?10307Pathology Lab3?1041?104Table V.Bio-burden trial study of % bacterial decrease inzycrobialtreated P/V unvarying comparison to untreated P/V uniforms exposed in different environmentSr. No.Name of the EnvironmentBacterial decrease in %Remarks ( Antibacterial activity )1Dairy ( Butter and Milk )100Excellent2Dairy ( Paneer and Ice-cream )80Good3Restaurant100Excellent4Bakery100Excellent5General Environment ( Chemical Lab )100Excellent6Hospital100Excellent7Pathology Lab66.67GoodIndairy ( butter and Milk treating subdivision ) ,bacterial decrease was 100 % i.e. no settlement was found inzycrobialtreated apron but in untreated apron shownBacillus subtilisbacteria. Indairy ( paneer and Ice-cream processing subdivision ), bacterial decrease was 80 % . The settlement count inzycrobialtreated was 10,000cfu/cm2and in untreated was 50,000 cfu/cm2foundBacillus subtilisbacteria. InRestaurantand bakeshop, bacterial decrease was 100 % i.e. no settlement was found inzycrobialtreated apron but in untreated apron shownStaphylococcus( non-hemolytic, coagulase negative ) andBacillus subtilisbacteria. Ingeneral environmenti.e. chemical lab, bacterial count in untreated cloth itself is low i.e. merely 100 settlement. So thatzycrobialtreated was easy resisted to this bacterium. This environment is same as normal environment. Decision Zycrobial, a quaternate aminoalkane based antimicrobic agent fromZydex industryis applied successfully by economical pad-batch technique on cotton, polyester/cotton and polyester/viscose blend cloth. The intervention withzycrobialbesides improves the antimicrobic consequence of cotton, p/v and p/c cloth measured by BPB discoloration trial compared to untreated cloth.Zycrobialtreated aprons were exposed to different environment and evaluated by bio-burden trial. The treated aprons shows low bacterial tonss in different industrial environment compared to the untreated 1s. It suggests that thezycrobialtreated aprons may be used routinely to minimise the transpersonal taint in the environment. Remark on study:Non haemolytic, coagulase negativestaphylococciare natural dwellers can be found on the tegument as a commensal vegetation.Bacillus subtilisis a saprophytic bacteria. It is by and large found as a contamination in the microbiology research labs.Bacillus spp.( gm positiveB aerophilic B) is seldom recovered from clinical specimens. Their clinical significance is unsure.Recognition I take this chance to show my deep sense of gratitude towardsMr. J. Sridhar ( Vice President-Textile ),Mr. P. Pandey and Ms. S. VijayZydex Industriesfor leting me to transport out practical work and widening installations during my thesis work. 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