Essay --

In Limbo reside the unbaptized and the virtuous pagans, who, though not sinful, did not accept Christ. Limbo shares many characteristics with the Asphodel Meadows; thus the guiltless damned are punished by living in a deficient form of Heaven. Without baptism ("the portal of the faith that you embrace")[6] they lacked the hope for something greater than rational minds can conceive. Limbo includes green fields and a castle with seven gates to represent the seven virtues. The castle is the dwelling place of the wisest men of antiquity, including Virgil himself, as well as the Persian polymath Avicenna. In the castle Dante meets the poets Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan; the Amazon queen Penthesilea; the mathematician Euclid; the scientist Pedanius Dioscorides; the statesman Cicero; the first doctor Hippocrates; the philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Averroes; the historical figures Lucretia, Lucius Junius Brutus, and Julius Caesar in his role as Roman general ("in his armor, f alcon-eyed");[7] mythological characters Hector, Electra, Camilla, Latinus, and Orpheus; and many othe...

Scientific Research

Scientific Research Scientific Research is method based on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data within a framework. It is Information based on empirical, based on observation or measurement of relevant information or free from bias or emotions and objectivity. All aspects of the investigation are described in sufficient detail, so that the study can be repeated by anyone. Scientific research focuses on solving problems and pursues a step by step logical, organized, and rigorous method to identify the problems, gather data analyze them and draw valid conclusion. Scientific method is techniques or procedures used to analyze empirical evidence in an attempt to confirm of disprove prior concepts† Empirical means something is verifiable by observation, experimentation, or experience. Characteristics of Scientific Research 1. Purposive ness 2. Rigor 3. Testability 4. Replicability 5. Precision and Confidence 6. Objectivity 7. Generalizability 8. Parsimony Purposive ness resea rch start with a definite aim and purpose. Example: The focus is on increasing the commitment of employees to the organization, as this will beneficial in many ways. Less absentees, increased performance level. Rigorous research involves a good theoretical base and a carefully thought out methodology. For example: The manager of a company ask 10-12 employees to indicate what would their level of commitment. If he solely reaches on conclusion how employee commitment can be increased. Its unscientific method. Testability: Formulation of hypothesis and its testability. To test logically developed hypothesis to see whether or not the data support the hypotheses developed after the careful study of the problem situation. For Example: Taking the previous example, the manager or researcher develop certain hypothesis on how employment commitment can be enhanced, then these can be tested by applying certain statistical tests to the data collected for the purpose. Replicability: Repetition of results. If similar finding emerge on the basis of data collected by other organizations employing the same method. To put t differently, the results of test hypotheses should be supported again and yet the same type of research is repeated in similar circumstances. Precision and Confidence Precision: It refers to the closeness of the findings to â€Å"reality† based on a sample. It reflects the degree of accuracy of the results on the basis of the sample, to what really exists in the universe. Confidence: Probability that our estimations are correct. Confidently claim that 95% of the time our results would be true. Objectivity: The conclusion drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective; it should be based on the facts of the findings derived from the actual data and not on our own subjective or emotional values. Generalizability: It refers to the scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to others. Parsimony: Simplicity in explaining phenomena or problems that occur, and in generating solutions for the problems, it is always proffered to complex research frameworks that considered an unmanageable number of factors. The Hypothetico- Deductive Method 1. Observation 2. Preliminary information gathering 3. Theory formulation 4. Hypothesizing 5. Scientific data collection 6. Data analysis 7. Deduction

Soldiers At The United States Army - 1202 Words

Soldiers’ Preparation in the U.S. Army Similarly, United States Army has extreme concern with the specific preparation of Soldiers. Therefore, it has developed a program called Physical Readiness Training (PRT). The program’s goal is to train Soldiers to be ready to work in hard duties and sustain activity in assignments or in combat roles (FM 7-22, 2012). The PRT has a high concern with Soldiers health, presenting preparation, recovery, strength and mobility, posture and body mechanics activities. The PRT has three phases to develop in Soldiers the correct physical condition: the conditioning phase, the sustaining phase, and the reconditioning phase. First, the initial conditioning phase is responsible for the practice part in order to develop the movement skills the correct way and prepare Soldiers for the next phase. The second phase is the sustaining phase. This focus phase is to achieve in Soldiers a higher level of physical readiness required in specific tasks and maintain the level achieved. The last phase is the reconditioning phase. During this phase, the intention is to restore the previous physical fitness levels of Soldiers (FM 7-22, 2012). During PRT phases, there is concern in following the principles of the PRT, such as precision, progression, and integration, in order to provide all advantages of the program. Furthermore, the PRT tries to develop the endurance, the strength, and the mobility, considered fundamental components to the success of theShow MoreRelatedBecoming A Soldier At The United States Army1015 Words   |  5 PagesBecoming a soldier in the United States Army is an amazing accomplishment at so young an age, and usually considered to be a good thing. It’s is a career, a job that can provide for a family in the future, as well as providing an identity, job opportunities , college education and friendship with like minded individuals. Being in the Army enhances your life by placing structure in your life, and an provides opportunities to achieve goals and to contribute in all different capacities. While it sRead MoreDiscipline: United States Army and Soldier985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance Of Being disciplined/keeping an appearance In The U.S. Army The following essay is a compilation of my personal experiences, definitions, and examples of how discipline is important to surviving in today’s U.S. Army. Discipline is increased when one constantly adheres to the standards set by his superiors and maintains not only his bering, but appearance as well. Discipline is: acting in accordance with the rules put in place and behaving in accordance to the rules of conductRead MoreI Am A United States Army Soldier1776 Words   |  8 Pages I have always wanted to be a United States Army soldier. The purpose of the Army is to preserve peace and security and providing for the defense of the United States, the commonwealths, possessions and any areas occupied by the United States. While being apart of this strong, ambitious and motivated group, I would like to be apart of the communication and networking field by becoming a radio operator. At the age of eleven years old, I was able to fix my radio that had been broken with ripped wiringRead MoreA Brief Note On The United States Army Most Soldiers1647 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States Army most Soldiers want to know if they can have trust in their Non Commissioned Officers , and they can if they are treated right and the Non Commissioned Officer does what is right and what is legal, at all times. Soldiers want to know and learn a few things from their Non Commissioned Officers. They want to know if the are concerned about them or whether the Non Commissioned Offi cers focus is up the chain of command and promotion for him or herself or is the Non CommissionedRead MoreRespecting Ncos in the United States Army1053 Words   |  5 PagesCommissioned Officers in the United States Army SPC Tannar W. Pope The United States Army is one of the most powerful militaries on the planet. It has been said that Non-Commissioned Officers are the backbone of the United States Army. Respect for the non-commissioned officers is integral for any Army mission. Respect is an Army value and as such, should influence a soldier’s actions daily. Throughout this paper I will first define and describe respect in the United States Army, then outline the roleRead MoreArmy And The United States Army1037 Words   |  5 Pagesofficer to know where their soldiers are at and to know what they are doing. These certain actions leave a non commissioned officer without respect for their rank, making their soldiers not to use the proper chain of command. Some commanders go against their ethics while they are performing their duties and influences younger officers to do the same thing. There is no other army in the world that uses their non commissioned officers like they are used in the United States army, putting more responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Importance of Flag Detail in the Military Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolutionary war and the everlasting significance of today. As soldiers, we pledge to honor, serve, and protect the flag and the United States of America at all cost. In this paper, the relationship between the American flag and the United States Army will be explored through the histories of both. Furthermore, the importance of flag detail will be discussed by linking the two entities together as one. Without the American flag’s representation, the Army has no purpose; no means to exist. The first AmericanRead MoreMilitary Appearance and Uniform1045 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent standards that sets us apart from the everyday use of a regular uniform. In everyday life we see people wearing uniforms to be identify in the job that they do an the Army has the uniform to show that a member wearing it is a soldier and that’s what makes it so important. An Army uniform is actually described in Army regulations and Federal law allows military uniforms to be only worn by persons serving in the military. Uniforms tell you not only that a person belongs to a certain group butRead MoreThe United States Army Is One Of The Oldest American Institutions1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Army is one of the oldest American institutions that has been around longer than the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. The Army has many accomplishments throughout its time to include ending slavery and winning two world wars. The uniform of the army represents many things to the soldiers who serve, the families that support the soldiers, and the American citizens. The soldiers that are serving wear the uniform knowing that th ere will be hardships that they mustRead MoreEssay on Accountability in Army885 Words   |  4 PagesA Soldier’s Accountability A soldier of the United States Army has many values that are set forth in the â€Å"Soldier’s Creed.† The Soldier’s Creed states: I am an American Soldier. I am a Warrior and a member of a team. I serve the people of the United States and live the Army Values. I will always place the mission first. I will never accept defeat. I will never quit. I will never leave a fallen comrade. I am disciplined, physically and mentally tough, trained and proficient in my

A Suicide Prevention Center - 1187 Words

If a person has a suicide related crisis, what should they do? A good place to start is calling 1-800-273-TALK. This is the National Suicide Helpline, and is an immediate resource to someone in crisis. Several centers around the United States maintain the helpline and provided suicide related services to their community. One of the centers in Colorado is Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center. The agency has been working with suicide related issues for over forty years and has many accomplishments. The agency works with several different types of people, and also serves their community by working with students in different educational institutions. Most recently, the center has worked with a student from the Social Work Program at Colorado†¦show more content†¦The programs that provide these services at PSPC include operating a 24-hour suicide helpline, offering a support group for people who have lost a loved one to suicide, providing licensed professional counseling, and educati ng the community. Most of these services are provided to the people in Pueblo, however, the helpline serves all of the people in Colorado. Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center was established on September 8, 1969 by twenty-three community members including some from Colorado Mental Health Institute and other leaders in Pueblo. The Colorado Mental Health Institute identified the need for an intervention system that would offer services to high-risk, crisis situations that would be immediate and easily accessible. This led to the formation of the 24-hour suicide helpline in Colorado. This action was considered a preventive response to decrease suicide attempts and suicide related deaths. In 1979, Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center became a member of the American Association of Suicidology. Then, became the first Certified Center of the American Association of Suicidology in the State of Colorado. In 2014, Metro Crisis Services also earned their accreditation and began providing services to Colorado.(Dorwart, 2015) . Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center’s mission statement is â€Å"To work toward the prevention of suicide through community education and intervention services to people

Essay on Problems of the Working College Student - 831 Words

Problems of the Working College Student I work thrity-five hours a week at a warehouse in Ontario California. When I first registered for college classes, I figured college would be fairly easy to fit into my schedule. After all, I thought, college students are not in class all day, like high school students are. So, I assumed the twelve hours a week I’d spend in class wouldn’t be too much of a load. But I was in for a big surprise. My first semester at college showed me that students who work while going to college face problems at school, at work, and at home. First of all, students who try to juggle job and school responsibilities find trouble at school. Early morning classes, for example, are particularly difficult for me. Because†¦show more content†¦Sometimes students come to work very tired, which is another problem. For example when I don’t get enough sleep I can become rude to fellow co-workers, and then the rudeness can get me into trouble. I r emember one particular time a co-worker reported me because I was sarcastic to her. She had spent a half hour complaining about my job performance and I had been too tired to be patient and I lost my temper. Once again, my supervisor reprimanded me and I was asked to leave for the night. Another time, school interfered with my job when I had to leave work early to take a make-up test at school. I know my supervisor was unhappy with me then, too. Arranging a schedule that will fit the needs of schooling is a solution to combat this problem. Working college students can also suffer outside of classes and the workplace. For example my schedule illustrates the conflicts of trying to take on too many duties. Since I work nights during the week, the weekends are a more convenient time that I can study. Because I have to use my weekends to do school work, I can’t do other things. My apartment is a mess since I have no time to clean it. Worse, my girlfriend is threatening to leave me because I have no social life. We never even go out like we once used to now when she comes over, I am too busy studying. However the rewards of earning a college degree in this economy can be the difference between havingShow MoreRelatedWorking Class Students and Higher Education Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pages　　　　Working Class Students and Higher Education 　　　Authors Michelle Tokarczyk, Peter Sacks, Robert Haverman and Timothy Smeeding all write about certain problems that working class students are facing in education in the U.S. , especially in college education which is usually defined as higher education. Although they focus on different aspects of the problem, they still have some ideas in common. In their articles, all of them discuss how economic and social class occupies a very significant roleRead MoreComparing Race and Class as Contributing Factors of Social Mobility1420 Words   |  6 Pagesfails to discredit the current difficulty of social advancement for working-class Americans. Social advancement is not the only difficulty facing working-class Americans. Since 1968, all but the richest twenty percent of the population have seen their share of income shrink. Additionally, erosion of the real wage—a term economists use for wages that have been adjusted for inflation—has deteriorated the buying power of the working class as compared to twenty years ago (Zweig 63). Consequently, theRead MoreFactors Affecting Academic Performance of Working Students1519 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Student jobs have become a sort of trend among students around the world, who wants to be a working while they are studying. In short, the term that suits this trend is ‘Earn and Learn ‘ policy. Other reasons why student jobs are popular among students are they help to cope up with the constant increase in tuition fees, and a way to afford further educations. The problem has been developed with the question as to how theRead MoreThe Causes Of College Stress In College806 Words   |  4 Pages College Stress After graduating from high school many youngsters have the option to directly enter the work force. The majority of individuals who have the opportunityï ¼Å'nevertheless, decide to go to college before finding a job. The reality is that, they face lots of college stress, and some college students usually claim restate in English. For me personally, there are many stresses in college, such as family’s financial, a each of time management, the stress of learning itself, and many more. InRead MoreFactors Affect the Academic Performance of Selected Working Student772 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction / Background of the Study Student jobs have become a sort of trend among students around the world, who want to work while they are studying. In short, the term that suits this trend is Earn and Learn policy. Other reason why student jobs are popular among students is they help to cope up with the constant increase in tuition fees, and a way to afford further educations. The problem has been developed with the question as to how theRead MoreReoccurring Situation At South Louisiana Community College1101 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity College. The situation is the campus in New Iberia not having updated computer. A lot of the computers in the computer labs and library are not in working order. Another problem is that in New Iberia there are not enough working printers. The library not being open every day seems to also be a very frustrating problem for the students at this campus. It is difficult at times to get assignments turned in on time when most students only have access to computers while at school. Students also needRead MoreInformative Speech On Drug Abuse On Campus1125 Words   |  5 Pagesalcohol has quadrupled in college students and more students are visiting hospitals than ever. B. Audience Relevance: Drugs is one of the major issues in our society these days. The usage of drugs on college campus has been a major issue throughout the country and it has effected a lot of people, not only the ones who became victim of the issue but also friends and families of those students got affected too. This issue results in the poor performance of the students and then possibly discontinuationRead MoreCauses And Disadvantages Of College Students Dropout809 Words   |  4 Pagesthe work force, military, or go to college. Once someone decides their future goals and it’s to go to college they don’t realized how much harder it can be compared to high school. They don’t think about how there is a possibility for them to drop out, if they don’t give college their best shot. Some reasons of college students dropping out is trying to balance work and school, academic difficulties, and financial problems. One reason students drop out of college is not being able to balance workRead MoreThe Problem Of Student Debt901 Words   |  4 PagesI. Definition of the problem: Student debt has become a major problem for our college graduates to not only to start their career but also starting their lives living independently. a. Symptoms. How does the problem show itself, or what are the difficulty? With the high tuition, books and supplies, graduates are paying more that they can afford for their education. The average Virginia college graduate leaves school more than $29,000 in debt (Marcus). Unfortunately, students feel like they haveRead MoreDrinking on College Campuses1799 Words   |  7 PagesDrinking on College Campuses Underage students drinking on college campuses has been a problem for countless years. Parents and professors look over the problem of students drinking and look at their college life in a positive way. They understand the students to be studying, making new friends, or working. Instead, an abundance of students are partying and drinking at these parties. The transformation from high school to college causes stress to the students. Therefore, instead of the students looking

The Theme Of Blood In Macbeth Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper In Shakespeare s Macbeth, the subject of blood is smartly circulated throughout the drama. For Macbeth, the chief character, it causes him to lose his trueness, his head, and finally his life. The subject of blood in Macbeth represents physical gores and the force that fuels the passions and urges of adult male. Shakespeare sets the drama in early sixteenth century Scotland. This clip period is a little earlier than his ain, but he does this to vividly bespeak to the reader the barbarous life style of the feudal system. Each member of the aristocracy is related by blood. Not merely are they expected to maintain the knights codification, but besides the trueness of household. Macbeth is asked by King Duncan to put to death the revolting Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth does so, and King Duncan declares Macbeth as the new Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is loyal to King Duncan by killing household for lifting against him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theme Of Blood In Macbeth Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Macbeth feels the shudder of what he has done and what he can make, My idea, whose slaying yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my individual province of adult male That map is smothered in guess, And nil is but what is non ( 1,3,153-155 ) . It is the urges of blood that cause adult male to slay and originate in this society. Now, Macbeth has obtained a societal and political position so high, if he were to travel any higher, he could make a dynasty. He has everything, an intelligent and talented married woman, wealth, and the Black Marias of his countrymen. Yet, he is disgruntled and continues to contemplate the murdering of his male monarch. Shakespeare strongly displays the urges of the blood pickings over the logical thinking of the head. Stars, conceal your fires ; Let non light see my black and deep desires. The oculus blink of an eye at the manus, yet allow that be which the oculus frights, when it is done to see ( 1,4,57-60 ) . Though Macbeth contemplates, it is slight ly hard to execute this action. King Duncan is of good virtuousness and most significantly, blood. Macbeth is persuaded by his married woman to kill King Duncan. Art though afeard to be the same in thine ain act and heroism as though art in desire? Wouldst 1000 have that which thou esteem st the decoration of life and live a coward in thine ain regard ( 1,2, 43-47 ) . In this peculiar act, Macbeth is surrounded by blood. He is encased by the human passions of wickedness and the blood that comes from it. Macbeth slayings King Duncan. After making so, Macbeth is terrified of what he has done. He remains clinching to the bloody stickers so, Lady Macbet H has to take them off from him. Macbeth realizes that he has drawn the blood of his ain blood. He states, I ll travel no more. I am afraid to believe what I have done. Look on T once more I dare non ( 2,1,65-67 ) . After Lady Macbeth returns the stickers to the King s quarters, she sees the blood of slaying. Then, she excessively, feels what Macbeth has felt all along. My custodies are of your colour, but I shame To have on a bosom so white ( 2,2, 82-83 ) . Later, Macbeth is crowned King of Scotland. He has obtained his wish, but at the cost of slaying and lese majesty. Macbeth is a autocrat because the passions and urges of blood control him. Banquo and the household of Macduff autumn victim to the barbarous passions of wickedness that govern Macbeth. He orders Banquo to be killed because he does non desire his kids to go King after he. Macbeth speaks to the liquidators, So is he mine ( enemy ) , and in such bloody distance that every minute of his being pushs against my close st of life ( 3,1,132-134 ) . Macbeth has the household of Macduff killed when he hears of Macduff flying to England. It is obvious that Macbeth is possesed by blood. However, he is merely as physically strong and mentally crisp than of all time before. The determinations made by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth get down to take its toll. His married woman has reached a point of insanity with the changeless array of blood and lese majesty. Lady Macbeth speaks of a blood stained topographic point on her manus that will non come off. She is in complete craze cheering, Here s the odor of blood still. All the aromas of Arabia will non dulcify this small manus ( 5,1,52-55 ) . She subsequently dies merely as Macduff and Malcolm approach the palace of Macbeth. She was consumed by the urges of blood within and without. In Shakespeare s Macbeth the subject of blood is indispensable. It is everyplace. It is a force that steers the urges and passions of adult male. Besides, it represents the blood and trueness of household. The blood in the human organic structure is a necessity of life. It is controlled by the bosom and circulated throughout the organic structure. The true calamity in Macbeth is that Macbeth is the bosom of Scotland. Therefore he affects more than the aristocracy through his actions. When Macbeth became a autocrat, he was the fatal lesion of Scotland. Just as Mcduff exclaimed Bleed, bleed, hapless state. That is precisely what happened. Blood contains life and energy, but at the same clip it holds the iniquitous urges of adult male which lead to more than the decease of the person it runs through.

Public Interest Litigation free essay sample

Public interest litigation involves the institution of actions by private citizens in courts to seek redress against public wrongs committed by government or public bodies. It is an adjudication of disputes between private individuals and the state initiated to promote the public good in terms of serving a collective societal interest. In  George John v Goh Eng Wah Bros Filem Sdn Bhd 2 Ors,  Lim Beng Choon J traced the origin of public interest litigation and its justification as follows: â€Å"The concept of â€Å"public interest litigation† was said to have first been mooted by the Indian Supreme Court in  Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union v Union of India  AIR 1981 SC 344. The judgment of Krishna Iyer J (ibid  at 350) had no doubt influenced greatly the Indian judicial thinking on the concept of public interest litigation. In justifying this concept, Krishna Iyer J said at p 354: â€Å"Law, as I conceive it, is social auditor and this audit function can be put into action when someone with real  public interest  ignites the jurisdiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Interest Litigation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Therefore, the rights which an individual seeks to assert do not flow from his capacity as an individual with aggrieved interests but are public rights, with the individual seeking to vindicate the public interest. His motivation stems not from personal interest,  as in the case of enforcing private rights such as enforcing a breach of contract or vindicating a tortious breach of duty causing personal loss or property damage, but from a sense of public-spiritedness and ontological inclinations. The view of the public interest litigant is that there are rights or collective interests which must be safeguarded to avoid government lawlessness which harms the social interest. These public rights are in nature diffuse, societal and fragmented. The rights to clean air, water and environment, for example, are not just matters of individual concern but affect broad sectors of the larger community. Public interest litigation is thus distinguishable from applications for the judicial review of administrative action. The latter directly affects the individual, for example, his dismissal and subsequent non-observance of the rules of natural justice by an employment tribunal. It is also not public law litigation which is essentially constitutional law litigation  involving,  inter alia, referring questions on the effect of any provision of the Constitution to the court for determination. This should not also be confused with actions filed as a result of infringement of constitutional rights by the executive . The characteristics of public interest litigation are best reflected in the first reported public interest litigation case in Malaysia of  Lim Cho Hock v Government of the State of Perak, Menteri Besar, State of Perak and President, Municipality of Ipoh. In this case, a Member of Parliament and State Assemblyman sought declarations that the Chief Minister could not hold the office of the President of the Ipoh Municipal Council at the same time and that the appointment of the Chief Minister as President of the Municipal Council was inoperative and null and void. Even though he was unsuccessful in obtaining the declarations, this public interest litigant was apparently instituting this action on behalf of the community in that area. Public Interest litigation, itself says that this is a litigation for any public interest. In the words of some learned people we can say that public interest litigation in a litigation which can be file in any court of law by any public spirited person for the protection of â€Å"public interest. † Now a question comes in the mind that â€Å"what in public interest? † so answer is ‘any act for the benefit of public is public interest. and those act are such as pollution, Terrorism, Road safety, constructional hazards etc. in all these activities we can clearly see the public interest. As it is said that this petition can file any public spirited person so its mean that there should not be interest of only himself. There in word only says that in can be possible that in that act for what he is filing a PIL there in a small part of his benefit also hide But its not mean that he cannot file. If the is interest of public then he can file public interest litigation. (b) discuss the desirability of public interest litigation in a system based on Rule of Law Access to justice is critical for the rule of law. There is no point having the law if members of the community are not able to approach the courts to obtain remedies to enforce it. It is an affront to the rule of law to leave anyone – especially the government – free to break the law because no one can afford to challenge them. We need legislation to facilitate public interest litigation. Such legislation would enable litigants who were seeking a remedy for motives other than profit to approach the courts for a preliminary determination as to whether the litigation was in the public interest. If the courts held that it was in the public interest for the case to be determined, then certain consequences would flow: †¢ In the ordinary ourse, the party bringing the proceeding in the public interest would not be liable for costs, no matter what the outcome; †¢ In the ordinary course, the party bringing the proceeding would be excused from the obligation to give an undertaking as to damages when seeking an injunction. They obviously fervently believed that a citizen action or the general approach of actio popularis is necessary to keep public authorities within their powers in order to uphold the rule of law and achieve social justice for communal good. The state should not, therefore, transgress the rights of the citizens which belong to the community. After all, the source of all law-making power is the people. (c) what is the position regarding public litigation in Malaysia Explain locus standi Amendment of ISA in 1998 limits the right of the people to challenge. Art 121 in 1998 excludes references to the vesting of judicial powers in the courts. PP v Yap Peng. S418A of CPC held to be unconstitutional as it infringed Art 121(1) Where judges have undertaken review of executive action they were often not with punitive or retaliatory measures. Obvious example includes the transfer of individual judges who issued rulings unfavourable to the Executive. Mohamed Ismail v Tan Sri Othman Saat (First category of PIL, member of that class of people) UEM v Lim Kit Siang 3:2 George John v Goh Eng Wah Bros Film S/B 2000: O53, Rule Of High Court 1980: Rule 2(4) 2006: QSR Brands v Suruhanjaya Seleuriti 2012: Rule of Court 2012 We are still very under-develop in Malaysia. Need to comment in India: Article 226 + cases English cases: 1995 World Development Movement Pegal Dam case : 1994 Green Piece No. 2 (challenge government decision to discharge the radioactive waste, court give them locus standi as they are professional NGO, if they do not have the locus standi, then no one else will have it)